The invention of smart low-power devices and ubiquitous Internet connectivity have facilitated the shift of many labour-intensive jobs into the digital domain. The shortage of skilled workforce and the growing food demand have led the agriculture sector to adapt to the digital transformation. Smart sensors and systems are used to monitor crops, plants, the environment, water, soil moisture, and diseases. The transformation to digital agriculture would improve the quality and quantity of food for the ever-increasing human population. This paper discusses the security threats and vulnerabilities to digital agriculture, which are overlooked in other published articles. It also provides a comprehensive review of the side-channel attacks (SCA) specific to digital agriculture, which have not been explored previously. The paper also discusses the open research challenges and future directions.

A module M is called poor whenever it is N-injective, then the module N is semisimple. In this paper the properties of poor modules are investigated and are used to characterize various families of rings.

We show that the only Fibonacci numbers that are concatenations of two repdigits are 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377.

Polycyclic codes are ideals in quotients of polynomial rings by a principal ideal. Special cases are cyclic and constacyclic codes. A MacWilliams relation between such a code and its annihilator ideal is derived. An infinite family of binary self-dual codes that are also formally self-dual in the classical sense is exhibited. We show that right polycyclic codes are left polycyclic codes with different (explicit) associate vectors and characterize the case when a code is both left and right polycyclic for the same associate polynomial. A similar study is led for sequential codes.