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Muhammad Asif
Department of Architectural Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, P.O.Box. 5054, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia

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Short communication
Published: 05 April 2021 in Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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Climate change is regarded as one of the greatest challenges facing the mankind. There is a global drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors. The building sector being responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption and one third of the greenhouse gas emissions in the world, needs to play a leading role in the fight against global warming and climate change. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for a major proportion of the total energy consumption in buildings, especially in hot and humid climates. This study aims to investigate the prospects of retrofitting in commercial buildings in terms of improvement in energy performance and indoor air quality. An administration building of a commercial organization has been selected as a case study. The building, with a net covered area of 2,115 m2 and an occupancy of 250 people has been retrofitted with energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality improvement measures. The study discusses retrofit solutions in terms of energy saving as well as the associated cost. The results reveal that the implemented retrofit measures reduced the building’s energy load by 39%. Improvements in the indoor environmental quality on various fronts such as thermal comfort, illumination, noise control and reduction in pollutants such as particulate matter (PM10), total suspended particulate (TSP), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) have also been highlighted.

ACS Style

Ayman Alazazmeh; Muhammad Asif. Commercial building retrofitting: Assessment of improvements in energy performance and indoor air quality. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 2021, 26, 100946 .

AMA Style

Ayman Alazazmeh, Muhammad Asif. Commercial building retrofitting: Assessment of improvements in energy performance and indoor air quality. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2021; 26 ():100946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayman Alazazmeh; Muhammad Asif. 2021. "Commercial building retrofitting: Assessment of improvements in energy performance and indoor air quality." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 26, no. : 100946.

Review
Published: 29 March 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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The building sector is a major contributor towards climate change. Within it, almost a quarter of the global electricity is consumed in the residential sector. The case for residential sector in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries is even more critical as compared with the developed world. The per capita electricity usage in the GCC countries is among the highest globally. This indicates a necessity for these countries to improve the energy performance of buildings. Existing residential buildings make the bulk of the total building stock, and thus have a critical role in the overall performance of the building sector. It is, therefore, important for them to invest in the energy retrofitting of existing unsustainable residential buildings. The aim of this study is to present a comprehensive critical review of literature of residential buildings' energy retrofitting trends in the GCC countries. An extensive keyword based search was carried out to identify the studies under the subject area in the region. A total of 40 relevant studies were accumulated which were then critically analysed and benchmarked against global retrofit studies’ trends to identify gaps in literature. It is observed that there is a lack of top-down and bottom-up physical approaches in energy retrofit studies. In addition, modern design and application tools, such as BIM, have not been applied in any study. Furthermore, no work presents a measured and verified case study of an implemented energy retrofitting project. Recommendations are also made for future studies to bridge the gap in existing literature.

ACS Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif. A critical review of energy retrofitting trends in residential buildings with particular focus on the GCC countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 144, 111000 .

AMA Style

Wahhaj Ahmed, Muhammad Asif. A critical review of energy retrofitting trends in residential buildings with particular focus on the GCC countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 144 ():111000.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif. 2021. "A critical review of energy retrofitting trends in residential buildings with particular focus on the GCC countries." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144, no. : 111000.

Chapter
Published: 03 March 2021 in Cyberspace
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Human civilization has evolved throughout the course of history. The advancements societies have experienced since the industrial revolution are unprecedented in human history. This progression is manifested by indicators like technological advancements, economic prosperity, improved social services, increased mobility, comfortable lifestyle, communication and information revolution, and broader resourcefulness.

ACS Style

Muhammad Asif. Introduction. Cyberspace 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Muhammad Asif. Introduction. Cyberspace. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Asif. 2021. "Introduction." Cyberspace , no. : 1-15.

Chapter
Published: 03 March 2021 in Cyberspace
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It has been over 50 years now that Marshal McLuhan used the term global village which describes the idea of global coexistence with influences from international communication, culture, travel, and trade and commerce. The COVID-19 pandemic has most recently cemented the planet's status of a global village as the virus originating from the Chinese city of Wuhan has virtually paralyzed the whole world. The global energy and environmental scenario is another befitting indicator to manifest the concept of a global village.

ACS Style

Muhammad Asif. Towards a Shared Future. Cyberspace 2021, 659 -668.

AMA Style

Muhammad Asif. Towards a Shared Future. Cyberspace. 2021; ():659-668.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Asif. 2021. "Towards a Shared Future." Cyberspace , no. : 659-668.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The buildings and construction sector accounts for the majority of the energy consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). For a sustainable future, energy consumption in the sector should be reduced and existing buildings need to be energy retrofitted. A number of studies present energy retrofitting of residential buildings in KSA; however, there is a lack of studies presenting retrofitting of educational buildings. Thus, the aim of this study is to adopt a BIM-based approach to assess Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) in a prototypical Government-built educational building in Dammam, KSA. The methodology consists of six prime steps, (1) case study data collection, (2) energy auditing, (3) proposing ECMs, (4) BIM model development, (5) energy assessment, and (6) economic assessment. The energy audit revealed several inefficiencies in the building construction and operation and four ECMs were proposed and simulated. It was found that annual energy consumption can be reduced by 22.7% in the educational building, and the investment for the four ECMs is paid back in 2.7 years only. Therefore, implementing the proposed ECMs is a viable option to energy retrofit such educational buildings in the country, and the presented BIM-based approach can be adopted to efficiently conduct the energy retrofitting process.

ACS Style

Mohammad Hamida; Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif; Faris Almaziad. Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Retrofitting Educational Buildings: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2020, 13, 179 .

AMA Style

Mohammad Hamida, Wahhaj Ahmed, Muhammad Asif, Faris Almaziad. Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Retrofitting Educational Buildings: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammad Hamida; Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif; Faris Almaziad. 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Retrofitting Educational Buildings: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 179.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2020 in Sustainability
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The application of renewable energy has been an integral part of the sustainability drive in the building sector and solar photovoltaic (PV) is one of the most effective technologies in this respect. The present study aims to investigate the prospects of solar PV in residential buildings in the hot–humid climatic conditions. The study discusses the utilization of building roofs for the application of PV in terms of potential hurdles and utilization factor (UF). Technical performance of PV systems has also been investigated in terms of power output as well as the energy saved as a result of the shading impact of panels for two types of residential units, apartments and villas. Investigation of 70 sample residential buildings reveals the average UF of 0.21 and 0.28 for apartments and villas, respectively. For the case study of apartment and villa residential units, roof UF has been found to be 13% and 15% with a respective PV output of 6079 kWh/year and 6162 kWh/year. Potential PV output at the city level has also been estimated. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted to evaluate the impact of various cost and design parameters on the viability of PV systems.

ACS Style

Ammar Dehwah; Muhammad Asif; Ismail Budaiwi; Adel Alshibani. Techno-Economic Assessment of Rooftop PV Systems in Residential Buildings in Hot–Humid Climates. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10060 .

AMA Style

Ammar Dehwah, Muhammad Asif, Ismail Budaiwi, Adel Alshibani. Techno-Economic Assessment of Rooftop PV Systems in Residential Buildings in Hot–Humid Climates. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):10060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ammar Dehwah; Muhammad Asif; Ismail Budaiwi; Adel Alshibani. 2020. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Rooftop PV Systems in Residential Buildings in Hot–Humid Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10060.

Editorial
Published: 30 November 2020 in Sustainability
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In the twenty first century, the world is witnessing an unprecedented energy transition. This sustainability-driven transition, also termed the sustainable energy transition or low carbon transition, has four major dimensions: decarbonisation, decreased use, decentralisation, and digitalisation. Decarbonisation and decreased use of energy are already well established dimensions of the sustainable energy transition. Decreased use of energy through energy conservation and management (ECM) offers wide ranging benefits across all energy consuming sectors, i.e., buildings, industry, and transportation. The building sector, accounting for almost 40% of the world’s total energy consumption, is particularly conducive to ECM. Estimates suggest that with the reliable and commercially available solutions, energy demand in both new and existing buildings can be reduced by 30 to 80%.

ACS Style

Muhammad Asif. Role of Energy Conservation and Management in the 4D Sustainable Energy Transition. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Asif. Role of Energy Conservation and Management in the 4D Sustainable Energy Transition. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Asif. 2020. "Role of Energy Conservation and Management in the 4D Sustainable Energy Transition." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 6.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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Buildings in hot humid climates are energy intensive to operate. Energy consumption in Saudi Arabia is almost three times higher than the global average, and one of the major contributors to that is the residential sector. Increasing environmental and economic concerns, in the form of Saudi Vision 2030, mean that the existing unsustainable residential building stock has to be energy retrofitted. This study examines the techno-economic feasibility of retrofitting existing homes in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A Building Information Modelling (BIM)-based retrofit framework has been adopted and investigated on two case studies. Eight Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) have been implemented including increasing cooling set point temperature, using energy efficient appliances, replacing conventional lights with more efficient lights , applying window shading, improving glazing type, improving air tightness, using more efficient air conditioning system, and adding envelope insulation. A three-level energy retrofit plan is proposed. Results indicate that annual energy consumption in a villa is reduced by 13.79%, 19.27% and 56.9%, and in the apartment building by 22.84%, 28.85% and 58.5% through a level 1, 2 and 3 retrofit respectively. Compound Payback Period (CPP) was computed to assess the economic viability. For the villa, investing in a level 1, 2 and 3 retrofit will pay back in 0.92, 8.37 and 25.15 years respectively, while for the apartment building, the payback period is 0.60, 11.28 and 24.60 years respectively. Thus, energy retrofitting of existing homes has the potential to significantly reduce energy consumption, however, it is economically not viable in the existing scenario. Electricity tariffs need to be further increased and coupled with incentive programs to render deep energy retrofits feasible. Furthermore, the investigated BIM-based approach can be adopted to investigate energy retrofitting in other climate zones of Saudi Arabia and other countries in the region, and eventually be adopted to efficiently effectuate the colossal task of retrofitting the whole existing residential building stocks of these countries.

ACS Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif. BIM-based techno-economic assessment of energy retrofitting residential buildings in hot humid climate. Energy and Buildings 2020, 227, 110406 .

AMA Style

Wahhaj Ahmed, Muhammad Asif. BIM-based techno-economic assessment of energy retrofitting residential buildings in hot humid climate. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 227 ():110406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif. 2020. "BIM-based techno-economic assessment of energy retrofitting residential buildings in hot humid climate." Energy and Buildings 227, no. : 110406.

Chapter
Published: 03 July 2020 in The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets
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The energy and environmental landscapes of the world are experiencing rapid changes on multiple fronts. While a significant proportion of the global population continues to suffer when it comes to the broader aspects of energy security, climate change is also posing serious threats to large segments of population across the world. The primary sufferers from both the energy and environmental problems, however, are those who are at the lower end of the economic bracket. Energy, environment and economy are therefore interwoven areas – the rich and developed nations are typically well placed when it comes to energy prosperity and environmental wellbeing while it is the other way round for the poor and developing countries where many still lack access to refined forms of energy. Meaningful global efforts led by the developed and rich nations are needed to help address the energy and environmental problems in the world.

ACS Style

Muhammad Asif. Conclusions and Future Research. The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets 2020, 323 -330.

AMA Style

Muhammad Asif. Conclusions and Future Research. The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets. 2020; ():323-330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Asif. 2020. "Conclusions and Future Research." The Interrelationship Between Financial and Energy Markets , no. : 323-330.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2019 in Sustainability
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The per capita energy usage in Saudi Arabia is almost three times higher than the global average. A major contributor is the residential sector which consumes almost 50% of the total national energy consumption every year. Environmental and economic pressures along with the Saudi Vision 2030 reform program advocate for an improvement in energy consumption patterns. For a sustainable residential sector, energy-efficient solutions should be adopted in the design process preferably based on building performance simulation (BPS). This study investigates the existing status and future prospects of BPS in the construction industry of Saudi Arabia. A survey has been carried out with building industry professionals to investigate the existing practices in terms of use of BPS. Energy and environmental savings achievable through application of BPS have been estimated by modelling a typical residential villa as a case study. The results indicate that presently BPS is not being adequately applied by the building industry and a number of barriers exist which need to be addressed. The case study simulation indicates that electricity consumption of a villa based on a BPS-based design process is 51.3% less than the existing typical residential villa.

ACS Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif; Farajallah Alrashed. Application of Building Performance Simulation to Design Energy-Efficient Homes: Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6048 .

AMA Style

Wahhaj Ahmed, Muhammad Asif, Farajallah Alrashed. Application of Building Performance Simulation to Design Energy-Efficient Homes: Case Study from Saudi Arabia. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Muhammad Asif; Farajallah Alrashed. 2019. "Application of Building Performance Simulation to Design Energy-Efficient Homes: Case Study from Saudi Arabia." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6048.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2019 in Sustainability
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The building sector, due to the significant energy and environmental footprints it creates, needs to adopt sustainable approaches to help prevent global warming and climate change. Sustainable Building (SB) rating systems have been developed around the world as a method to promote sustainability in this sector. Water is one of the most vital natural resources, and is extensively consumed in the building sector. This article examines the coverage of water-related aspects in 11 prominent SB rating systems under the three key sustainability dimensions: environmental, economic, and social, using a comprehensive coverage analysis approach. Findings highlight a wide range of variation between the examined SB rating systems in terms of water attributes being assessed, water assessment criteria used, the optimal number of these criteria, and the weight assigned to them. Results also show that in general, most of the examined systems exhibit low representativeness and comprehensive coverage of major water subcategories and themes related to sustainable buildings. However, some moderate to high comprehensive coverage was found in water attributes that focus on the environmental and social aspects. The results indicate that representative and comprehensive coverage of social-related water attributes are less than that of environment-related water attributes. The results also highlighted the effectiveness of using coverage analysis techniques as a systematic and efficient way to assess comprehensive coverage of water criteria in SB rating systems.

ACS Style

Jamal Al-Qawasmi; M Asif; Ahmed Abd El Fattah; Mohammad O. Babsail. Water Efficiency and Management in Sustainable Building Rating Systems: Examining Variation in Criteria Usage. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2416 .

AMA Style

Jamal Al-Qawasmi, M Asif, Ahmed Abd El Fattah, Mohammad O. Babsail. Water Efficiency and Management in Sustainable Building Rating Systems: Examining Variation in Criteria Usage. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (8):2416.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jamal Al-Qawasmi; M Asif; Ahmed Abd El Fattah; Mohammad O. Babsail. 2019. "Water Efficiency and Management in Sustainable Building Rating Systems: Examining Variation in Criteria Usage." Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2416.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2019 in Smart and Sustainable Built Environment
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Purpose The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is facing a rapid growth in energy demand mainly because of factors like burgeoning population, economic growth, modernization and infrastructure development. It is estimated that between 2000 and 2017 the power consumption has increased from 120 to 315 TWh. The building sector has an important role in this respect as it accounts for around 80 percent of the total electricity consumption. The situation is imposing significant energy, environmental and economic challenges for the country. To tackle these problems and curtail its dependence on oil-based energy infrastructure, KSA is aiming to develop 9.5 GW of renewable energy projects by 2030. The campus of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) has been considered as a case study. In the wake of recently announced net-metering policy, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the prospects of rooftop application of PV in buildings. ArcGIS and PVsyst software have been used to determine the rooftop area and undertake PV system modeling respectively. Performance of PV system has been investigated for both horizontal and tilted installations. The study also investigates the economic feasibility of the PV application with the help of various economic parameters such as benefit cost ratio, simple payback period (SPP) and equity payback periods. An environmental analysis has also been carried out with the help of RETScreen software to determine the savings in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of PV system. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the buildings of the university campus for utilizable rooftop areas for PV application. Various types of structural, architectural and utilities-related features affecting the use of building roofs for PV have been investigated to determine the corrected area. To optimize the performance of the PV system as well as space utilization, modeling has been carried out for both horizontal and tilted applications of panels. Detailed economic and environmental assessments of the rooftop PV systems have also been investigated in detail. Modern software tools such as PVsyst, ArcGIS and RETScreen have also been used for system design calculations. Findings Saudi Arabia is embarking on a massive solar energy program as it plans to have over 200 GW of installed capacity by 2030. With solar energy being the most abundant of the available renewable resource for the country, PV is going to be one of the main technologies in achieving the set targets. The country has, however, unlike global trends, traditionally overlooked the small-scale and building-related application of solar PV, focusing mainly on larger projects. This study explores the prospects of utilization of solar PV on building roofs. Building rooftops are constrained in terms of PV application owing to wide ranging obstacles that can be classified into five types – structural, services, accessibility, maintenance and others. The total building rooftop area in the study zone, calculated through ArcGIS has been found to be 857,408 m2 of which 352,244 m2 is being used as car parking and hence is not available for PV application. The available roof area, 505,165 m2 is further hampered by construction and utilities related features including staircases, HVAC systems, skylights, water tanks and satellite dish antennas. Taking into account the relevant obstructive features, the net rooftop area covered by PV panels has been found to be in the range 25–41 percent depending upon the building typology, with residential buildings offering the least. To optimize both the system efficiency and space utilization, PV modeling has been carried out with the help of PVsyst software for both the tilted and horizontal installations. In terms of output, PV panels with tilt angle of 24° have been found to be 9 percent more efficient compared to the horizontally installed ones. Modeling results provide a net annual output 37,750 and 46,050 MWh from 21.44 and 28.51 MW of tilted and horizontal application of PV panels, sufficient to respectively meet 16 and 20 percent of the total campus electricity requirements. Findings of the economic analysis reveal the average SPP for horizontal and tilted applications of the PV to be 9.2 and 8.4 years, respectively. The benefit cost ratio for different types of buildings for horizontal and tilted application has been found to be ranging between 0.89 and 2.08 and 0.83 and 2.15, respectively. As electricity tariff in Saudi Arabia has been increased this year by as much as 45 percent and there are plans to remove $54bn of subsidy by 2020, the cost effectiveness of PV systems will be greatly helped. Application of PV in buildings can significantly improve their environmental performance as the findings of this study reveal that the annual greenhouse gas emission in the KFUPM campus can be reduced by as much as 40,199 tons carbon dioxide equivalent. Originality/value The PV application on building roof especially from economic perspective is an area which has not been addressed thus far. Khan et al. (2017) studied the power generation potential for PV application on residential buildings in KSA. Asif (2016) also investigated power output potential of PV system in different types of buildings. Dehwas et al. (2018) adopted a detailed approach to determine utilizability of PV on residential building roofs. None of these studies have covered the economics of PV systems. This study attempts to address the gap and contribute to the scholarship on the subject. It targets to determine the power output from different types of building in an urban environment by taking into account building roof conditions. It also provides detailed economic assessment of PV systems. Subsequent environmental savings are also calculated.

ACS Style

M Asif; Mohammad A. Hassanain; Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Haitham Sawalha. Techno-economic assessment of application of solar PV in building sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 2019, 8, 34 -52.

AMA Style

M Asif, Mohammad A. Hassanain, Kh Md Nahiduzzaman, Haitham Sawalha. Techno-economic assessment of application of solar PV in building sector. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. 2019; 8 (1):34-52.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M Asif; Mohammad A. Hassanain; Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Haitham Sawalha. 2019. "Techno-economic assessment of application of solar PV in building sector." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 8, no. 1: 34-52.

Articles
Published: 12 February 2019 in International Journal of Green Energy
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Jordan faces stringent energy challenges mainly in the form of import dependence and escalating demand. The building sector accounts for 58% of total national electricity consumption and therefore plays an important role in addressing these challenges. This article investigates how energy efficiency in green buildings certified by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system contribute towards achieving United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Jordan. Furthermore, this paper proposes a new Comprehensive Contribution to Sustainable Development Index (CCSDI) to assess the contributions of implementation of the LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category to achieve UN SDGs in Jordan. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to obtain data. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to evaluate the contributions of LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in the EA category. Results indicate a positive relationship between the LEED 2009 prerequisites and credits in category and UN SDGs 7−9 and 12−13. We conclude that our proposed CCSDI is a robust tool for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings towards achieving UN SDGs in Jordan.

ACS Style

Rami Alawneh; Farid Ghazali; Hikmat Ali; M Asif. A new index for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings to achieving UN sustainable development goals in Jordan. International Journal of Green Energy 2019, 16, 490 -499.

AMA Style

Rami Alawneh, Farid Ghazali, Hikmat Ali, M Asif. A new index for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings to achieving UN sustainable development goals in Jordan. International Journal of Green Energy. 2019; 16 (6):490-499.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rami Alawneh; Farid Ghazali; Hikmat Ali; M Asif. 2019. "A new index for assessing the contribution of energy efficiency in LEED 2009 certified green buildings to achieving UN sustainable development goals in Jordan." International Journal of Green Energy 16, no. 6: 490-499.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2018 in Building and Environment
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Water and energy efficiency are given high priority in all green building assessment systems. However, a method to assess and improve their contributions to achieve the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has not been developed. This research aims to fill this gap. At the time of this research, most certified green buildings in Jordan were under new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v2.2 construction. The relationships between the LEED v2.2 “water efficiency” (WE) and “energy and atmosphere” (EA) standards and the UN SDGs were explored using a quantitative descriptive methodology. Structured questionnaire surveys yielded 55 responses from Jordanian building industry experts. Pearson's Chi-square and frequency tests were carried out to examine these relationships. We propose a new Comprehensive Contribution to Development Index (CCDI) to assess the contributions of the implementation of LEED v2.2 WE and EA to achieve the UN SDGs. The results show a positive relationship between LEED v2.2 prerequisites and credits in both WE and EA categories with the UN SDGs 6–9, 12–13, and 15, suggesting that the proposed CCDI is a reliable and robust tool for the evaluation of the contribution of water and energy efficiency in LEED v2.2- certified green buildings to achieving the UN SDGs in Jordan.

ACS Style

Rami Alawneh; Farid E. Mohamed Ghazali; Hikmat Ali; Muhammad Asif. Assessing the contribution of water and energy efficiency in green buildings to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Jordan. Building and Environment 2018, 146, 119 -132.

AMA Style

Rami Alawneh, Farid E. Mohamed Ghazali, Hikmat Ali, Muhammad Asif. Assessing the contribution of water and energy efficiency in green buildings to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Jordan. Building and Environment. 2018; 146 ():119-132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rami Alawneh; Farid E. Mohamed Ghazali; Hikmat Ali; Muhammad Asif. 2018. "Assessing the contribution of water and energy efficiency in green buildings to achieve United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in Jordan." Building and Environment 146, no. : 119-132.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2018 in Renewable Energy
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The study aims to investigate the overall impact of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems on the energy performance of residential buildings in hot-humid climates. The study area spans over 100 km2 encompassing 33,000 residential units in the city of Al-Khobar in Saudi Arabia. It examines the restrictions towards the utilizability of building rooftops for PV application. The total building rooftop area and its corresponding PV output at the urban scale level has been estimated with the help of geographic information systems and PV simulation tools. The secondary contribution by PV in terms of heat gain reduction has also been investigated through EnergyPlus simulation engine. It is found that villas and apartment buildings respectively offer 21% and 28% of their rooftops for PV application. Results suggest that solar PV can offset 19% of the electricity demand when 25% of the building roof is utilized, in addition to a cooling load reduction of 2% due to the shading effect of panels. For the total study area, the annual electricity generation potential for tilted and flat application of PV with the existing roofs conditions turns out to be 797 GWh and 757 GWh respectively.

ACS Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah; Muhammad Asif. Assessment of net energy contribution to buildings by rooftop photovoltaic systems in hot-humid climates. Renewable Energy 2018, 131, 1288 -1299.

AMA Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah, Muhammad Asif. Assessment of net energy contribution to buildings by rooftop photovoltaic systems in hot-humid climates. Renewable Energy. 2018; 131 ():1288-1299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah; Muhammad Asif. 2018. "Assessment of net energy contribution to buildings by rooftop photovoltaic systems in hot-humid climates." Renewable Energy 131, no. : 1288-1299.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Saudi Arabia is one of the most energy intensive countries in the world in terms of per capita consumption. Highly subsidized energy prices and low tariffs are driving up domestic energy consumption. The rapidly growing energy demand has prompted the country to undertake several energy-saving measures. These initiatives, however, are all technology driven and no apparent measures have yet been taken to modify end users' behavior. In order to reduce the rate of growth of residential energy consumption, besides appropriate regulations, it is critical to engage end users through better education and awareness. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of behavior-based, non-technical interventions on end users' perceptions of energy conservation and, subsequently, any actual reduction in household energy consumption. Taking Khobar city as the geographical focus, 88 participating households were randomly chosen for interventions. The households were divided into two treatment and one control group. Analysis of the six-month intervention revealed a positive but statistically insignificant impact on energy conservation. The results suggest that there is a positive relation between the number of adults in the family and level of education with the energy consumption while number of female members in family, family size, building area shows a negative association attributing to ‘economies of scale’ and existence of pro-environmental behavior. In the end, this study attempts to build a foundational ground for policy prescription on energy conservation based on ‘investment’ and ‘curtailment’ behavior approaches to assess the ‘longevity’ effects.

ACS Style

Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Adel S. Aldosary; Abdullatif Said Abdallah; Muhammad Asif; Harn Wei Kua; Abdulaziz M. Alqadhib. Households energy conservation in Saudi Arabia: Lessons learnt from change-agents driven interventions program. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 185, 998 -1014.

AMA Style

Kh Md Nahiduzzaman, Adel S. Aldosary, Abdullatif Said Abdallah, Muhammad Asif, Harn Wei Kua, Abdulaziz M. Alqadhib. Households energy conservation in Saudi Arabia: Lessons learnt from change-agents driven interventions program. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 185 ():998-1014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kh Md Nahiduzzaman; Adel S. Aldosary; Abdullatif Said Abdallah; Muhammad Asif; Harn Wei Kua; Abdulaziz M. Alqadhib. 2018. "Households energy conservation in Saudi Arabia: Lessons learnt from change-agents driven interventions program." Journal of Cleaner Production 185, no. : 998-1014.

Journal article
Published: 07 April 2018 in Energy and Buildings
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The study aims to investigate the potential for rooftop application of solar PV in the residential sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) taking into account the two main types of buildings i.e. apartments and villas. It is the first detailed study in KSA which focuses on the utilizability of building rooftops considering various structural, services and cultural parameters. The work employs remote sensing and GIS techniques to gather the building rooftop data for a district in the city of Al-Khubar covering 33,000 residential units. The data was validated through site visits of sampled buildings and regression models were created to examine the relationships between PV areas and the roof areas in the study area. PVSOL software was then used to model the application of PV on building rooftops and to determine the impact of shading. Frequency of occurrence of hurdles impacting the application of PV has been determined. It is found that currently 21% and 28% of the respective apartment and villa rooftops can be effectively used for PV application. The total rooftops in the study area amounting to 14.21 km2 are estimated to annually deliver 796 GWh of PV electricity. The work also concludes that through policy intervention the utilizability of rooftops and subsequent power output can be increased by 22.5%. Owing to similarities in structural and architectural features, the regression models and the findings of the study can be used and applied to the building sectors across all of the countries in the GCC region.

ACS Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah; Muhammad Asif; Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman. Prospects of PV application in unregulated building rooftops in developing countries: A perspective from Saudi Arabia. Energy and Buildings 2018, 171, 76 -87.

AMA Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman. Prospects of PV application in unregulated building rooftops in developing countries: A perspective from Saudi Arabia. Energy and Buildings. 2018; 171 ():76-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ammar H.A. Dehwah; Muhammad Asif; Muhammad Tauhidur Rahman. 2018. "Prospects of PV application in unregulated building rooftops in developing countries: A perspective from Saudi Arabia." Energy and Buildings 171, no. : 76-87.

Journal article
Published: 03 November 2017 in Infrastructures
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The building sector is an important stakeholder in the energy and environmental scenario of any country. It continues to grow across the world due to factors such as population growth, and economic and infrastructure development. Within the European Union, buildings account for 40% of the total energy requirements and 30% of carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector is keen to improve its sustainability standards and also to help achieve the 20-20-20 targets set by the European Union. The present work aims to design a nearly zero energy sports gymnasium building in Calolziocorte, Italy. Various sustainability techniques are applied in an integrated design project approach using ECOTECT software to undertake the energy modelling exercise. Firstly, the base-case is modelled with conventional building materials and the total energy demand is calculated. Duly considering the local climatic conditions, sustainable materials are chosen for walls, the floor, the roof, and windows and a 38% reduction is noted in the total energy demand of the building compared to the base-case. The impact of louvers as a passive design technique has also been examined on the total energy demand of the building. The monthly load/discomfort analysis is undertaken for various individual functions inside the building to identify the critical areas that consume more energy. The monthly load/discomfort analysis is performed with the proposed materials and the air infiltration rate is improved through the building envelope and 63% reduction is noted in the total energy demand of the building compared to the base-case. A solar access analysis is conducted to understand the on-site energy production and then the building net energy demand is calculated, which is reduced to 90% compared to the base-case.

ACS Style

Hassan Khan; Muhammad Asif; Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed. Case Study of a Nearly Zero Energy Building in Italian Climatic Conditions. Infrastructures 2017, 2, 19 .

AMA Style

Hassan Khan, Muhammad Asif, Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed. Case Study of a Nearly Zero Energy Building in Italian Climatic Conditions. Infrastructures. 2017; 2 (4):19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassan Khan; Muhammad Asif; Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed. 2017. "Case Study of a Nearly Zero Energy Building in Italian Climatic Conditions." Infrastructures 2, no. 4: 19.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2017 in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE)
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is one of the most prominent countries in the world in terms of per capita energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Owing to factors like burgeoning population, economic and infrastructure development of the country, electricity consumption per capita is very high. Over the last couple of decades the demand for electricity is reported to have grown at an annual rate of 6-8%. The situation is imposing significant stresses on the energy, environmental and economic fronts. The building sector, accounting for almost 80% of the national power consumption, has to play an important role in bringing a positive and sustainable change. Demand side management (DSM) can help curtail the load growth as well as save on investments for new power plants and subsequent transmission and distribution systems. DSM through structuring tariff for commercial buildings can lead to significant savings. The paper aims to design a tariff structure to deliver optimum value and cost saving which yields huge savings economically and environmentally as discussed in the paper.

ACS Style

Ayedh S. Al Fardan; Khaled S. Al Gahtani; M Asif. Demand side management solution through new tariff structure to minimize excessive load growth and improve system load factor by improving commercial buildings energy performance in Saudi Arabia. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) 2017, 302 -308.

AMA Style

Ayedh S. Al Fardan, Khaled S. Al Gahtani, M Asif. Demand side management solution through new tariff structure to minimize excessive load growth and improve system load factor by improving commercial buildings energy performance in Saudi Arabia. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). 2017; ():302-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ayedh S. Al Fardan; Khaled S. Al Gahtani; M Asif. 2017. "Demand side management solution through new tariff structure to minimize excessive load growth and improve system load factor by improving commercial buildings energy performance in Saudi Arabia." 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) , no. : 302-308.

Conference paper
Published: 01 August 2017 in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE)
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Saudi Arabia has high per capita electricity usage, amounting to around 9000 kWh/year. The residential sector accounts for almost 52% of the total national electricity consumption and the energy demand from it is expected to double by 2025. The associated environmental and economic pressures advocate for an improvement in energy consumption patterns by means of energy efficiency strategies. Currently, sustainable measures including energy conservation are not among the priorities of the building sector stakeholders such as architects, investors, developers and contractors. For a sustainable built environment, the conventional design process has to be modified and building energy modeling (BEM) needs to be incorporated in it from the early stages. This study measures the energy and environmental savings achievable through incorporating BEM in decision making from an early stage of the design process. An industry survey is carried out to determine the current scope of BEM and to figure out the concerned technical and non-technical barriers restricting industry professionals from using BEM in Saudi Arabia's residential building designs. Possible solutions are discussed to overcome these barriers. Energy and environmental advantages are measured in the residential sector by comparing an existing residential villa energy consumption and simulating it into different scenarios with energy efficient design solutions.

ACS Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Hasan Fardan; M Asif. Integration of building energy modeling in the design process to improve sustainability standards in the residential sector — Case study of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) 2017, 309 -314.

AMA Style

Wahhaj Ahmed, Hasan Fardan, M Asif. Integration of building energy modeling in the design process to improve sustainability standards in the residential sector — Case study of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). 2017; ():309-314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wahhaj Ahmed; Hasan Fardan; M Asif. 2017. "Integration of building energy modeling in the design process to improve sustainability standards in the residential sector — Case study of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia." 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE) , no. : 309-314.