The emergence of antibiotic resistance and viruses with high epidemic potential made unexplored marine environments an appealing target source for new metabolites. Marine fungi represent one of the most suitable sources for the discovery of new compounds. Thus, the aim of this work was (i) to isolate and identify fungi associated with the Atlantic sponge Grantia compressa; (ii) to study the fungal metabolites by applying the OSMAC approach (one strain; many compounds); (iii) to test fungal compounds for their antimicrobial activities. Twenty-one fungal strains (17 taxa) were isolated from G. compressa. The OSMAC approach revealed an astonishing metabolic diversity in the marine fungus Eurotium chevalieri MUT 2316, from which 10 compounds were extracted, isolated, and characterized. All metabolites were tested against viruses and bacteria (reference and multidrug-resistant strains). Dihydroauroglaucin completely inhibited the replication of influenza A virus; as for herpes simplex virus 1, total inhibition of replication was observed for both physcion and neoechinulin D. Six out of 10 compounds were active against Gram-positive bacteria with isodihydroauroglaucin being the most promising compound (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 4–64 µg/mL) with bactericidal activity. Overall, G. compressa proved to be an outstanding source of fungal diversity. Marine fungi were capable of producing different metabolites; in particular, the compounds isolated from E. chevalieri showed promising bioactivity against well-known and emerging pathogens.

The systematics of the poriferan Order Haplosclerida (Class Demospongiae) has been under scrutiny for a number of years without resolution. Molecular data suggests that the order needs revision at all taxonomic levels. Here, we provide a comprehensive view of the phylogenetic relationships of the marine Haplosclerida using many species from across the order, and three gene regions. Gene trees generated using 28S rRNA, nad1 and cox1 gene data, under maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches, are highly congruent and suggest the presence of four clades. Clade A is comprised primarily of species of Haliclona and Callyspongia, and clade B is comprised of H. simulans and H. vansoesti (Family Chalinidae), Amphimedon queenslandica (Family Niphatidae) and Tabulocalyx (Family Phloeodictyidae), Clade C is comprised primarily of members of the Families Petrosiidae and Niphatidae, while Clade D is comprised of Aka species. The polyphletic nature of the suborders, families and genera described in other studies is also found here.

The env gene of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a functionally important gene responsible for the production of protein products (gp120 and gp41) involved in host cell recognition, binding, and entry. This occurs through a complex and, as yet, not fully understood process of protein–protein interaction and within and between protein functional communication. Exposure on the surface of active HIV virions means the gp120–gp41 complexes are subjected to intense immune system pressure and have, therefore, evolved mechanisms to avoid neutralization. Using protein-coding sequences representing all the HIV type-1 (HIV-1) group M subtypes, we have identified amino acids within the env gene whose evolution is inextricably linked over the entire HIV-1 group M epidemic. We identified 848 pairs of coevolving residues (involving 263 out of 764 amino acid sites), which represent 0.29% of all possible pairs. Of the coevolving pairs, 68% were significantly correlated by hydrophobicity, molecular weight, or both hydrophobicity and molecular weight. Subsequent grouping of coevolving pairs resulted in the identification of 290 groups of amino acid residues, with the size of these groups ranging from 2 to 10 amino acid residues. Many of these dependencies are correlated by function including CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, glycosylation, and protein–protein interaction. This analysis provides important information regarding the functional dependencies observed within all the HIV-1 group M subtypes and may assist in the identification of functional protein domains and therapeutic targets within the HIV-1 env gene.

The natural range of the dark European honey bee, Apis mellifera mellifera has been significantly reduced in recent years as a result of importation and replacement of queens with those of other Apis subspecies. Previous studies have indicated that a substantial amount of A. m. mellifera populations throughout Europe are heavily hybridized but that pockets of pure populations do still exist and need to be protected as this subspecies is a highly valuable gene pool and is of considerable conservational interest. Small numbers of Irish bees have been included in previous studies, but scientific information is limited and questions remain about the genetic diversity of bees in Ireland and the extent of introgression into apparent black bees from introduced races and hybrids. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic composition of the A. m. mellifera population on the island of Ireland with both nuclear (microsatellites) and mitochondrial markers. Molecular data was generated from 412 bees sampled from 24 counties across the island. Mitochondrial data identified 34 different haplotypes, with 63% of bees having sequences identical to three European haplotypes but all other haplotypes being novel. Population structure analysis using microsatellite markers indicates that the Irish population is genetically diverse and that 97.8% of sampled bees were determined to be pure A. m. mellifera. Results from cluster analysis using a Bayesian model approach, and the presence of novel alleles, shows evidence of distinctiveness within the Irish population.