To prevent damage to human life and health caused by high temperatures and extreme weather and to promote sustainable urban development, it is necessary to optimize the layout of urban development elements to improve the urban wind–heat environment. Taking the high-density urban area of Shanghai as an example, this study used wavelet analysis to investigate the cyclic changes of the average annual temperature of Shanghai from 1950 to 2022 and the average annual wind speed of Shanghai from 2000 to 2020. The correlation between the urban heat environment and the urban development elements was analyzed using geographically weighted regression. The correlation was then examined using BP neural network, and finally, the impacts of different urban spatial patterns on the wind environment were analyzed using CFD numerical simulation. The results show that the average annual temperature of Shanghai city has an overall upward trend, with significant cycles of 44 and 32 years that are shortening over time. The average annual wind speed has a downward trend, with a significant main cycle of 22 years. Greening and water coverage, as well as the floor area ratio, have a significant reducing effect on surface temperature, whereas building density is positively correlated with surface temperature. Building density has a significant reducing effect on wind speed, whereas the effect of floor area ratio is not significant. The effect of building density on wind speed is significantly weakened, whereas the effect of the floor area ratio is not significant. This study provides valuable references for Shanghai and other high-density cities to optimize urban spatial patterns in order to improve the safety and comfort of the urban wind–heat environments. This study is of significant importance and value in promoting sustainable urban development, protecting the health of urban residents, and advancing spatial justice and equal well-being.

Cave temples and stone carvings, as significant components of human cultural heritage, embody profound historical and cultural values. There was little systematic analysis on the spatiotemporal distribution of Chinese cave temples and rock carvings. This study employed ArcGIS and SPSSAU analytical software to examine nearly 20,000 cave temples and stone carvings across China from the Xia Dynasty to the Republic of China. The findings indicated that: ① The number of cave temples and stone carvings reached its peak during the Ming and Qing dynasties, while the Qin Dynasty recorded the lowest quantity; ② Spatial distribution shows “More in east/west, less in center; denser east, scattered west”; ③ The distribution centroid shifted alternately between southeast-northwest and southwest-northeast; ④ Vegetation coverage, village density, and runoff volume correlate positively with site abundance. This study provides valuable insights for the conservation and utilization of cave temples and rock carvings.

In the context of rapid urbanization in third-world countries, many cities adopt high-density development, effectively using land but limiting open space, especially for children, impacting their spatial rights. This study focused on the Dongcheng and Xicheng districts of Beijing. It employed methods such as variance inflation factor, multiple linear regression, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial econometric models to investigate the impact of various configuration factors on children’s satisfaction with outdoor activity space. The study also revealed the spillover effects of outdoor activity space configuration for children in high-density urban environments. The results showed that (1) children’s satisfaction was significantly influenced by the configuration elements. The variables that had the most significant impact on satisfaction were the number of outdoor spaces, facilities’ amusement, advertisements, and service management levels. (2) Using spatial econometric models, we determined that spatial dependency significantly enhances the model’s explanatory power. The quantity of outdoor space had the greatest effect on children’s outdoor activity space satisfaction, followed by facilities’ amusement and advertisement impact, and service management had the least impact, though all categories positively affected satisfaction. This study held significant value and importance in improving the rights of children in mega-cities in developing countries and promoting the physical and mental well-being of children.

Ancient tombs were valuable cultural heritage of China and possessed immeasurable significance. However, research on their spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors was relatively absent. Based on the establishment of a national geographic information database of ancient tombs, this study employed ArcGIS and SPSS software to conduct both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extant ancient tombs in China, with the aim of providing support for the protection of Chinese ancient tombs. The results showed that: ① The number of ancient tombs in the Qing Dynasty was the highest, while the number of ancient tombs from the Sui Dynasty accounted for the smallest proportion; ② Ancient tombs in different historical periods presented three distinct concentration areas around the Central Plains urban agglomeration, Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration, and Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration in China; ③ The focus of ancient tombs in different historical periods concentrated in the central region of China, with a recurring shift of the focus within the current provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, and Chongqing; ④ The density of southern rice paddies (DL01) was negatively correlated with the distribution of ancient tombs in China, while the total GDP and population had a significant positive correlation with the distribution of ancient tombs. The significance of this study lies in systematically understanding the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and influencing factors of ancient tombs in China, in order to provide a theoretical basis for scientifically assessing risks, formulating effective protection plans, and guiding archaeological surveys and explorations.