Blue light exposure-induced retinal damage has been extensively studied. Although many in vitro studies have shown the benefits of blue light-blocking lenses (BBL) there have been few comprehensive in vivo studies to assess the effects of BBL. We investigated the influence of blue light exposure using light-emitting diodes on retinal histology and visual cortex neurons in rodents. We also considered whether retinal and cortical changes induced by blue light could be ameliorated with blue light-blocking lenses. A total of n = 24 (n = 6 in each group; control, light exposure without lenses, two different BBLs)) male Wistar rats were subjected to blue light exposure (LEDs, 450–500 lux) without or with BBLs (400–490 nm) for 28 days on a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. Histological analysis of retinae revealed apoptosis and necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and inner retina in the light exposure (LE) group, along with increase caspase-3 immunostaining in the ganglion cell layer (p < 0.001). BBL groups showed less caspase-3 immunostaining compared with the LE group (p < 0.001). V1-L5PNs (primary visual cortex layer 5 pyramidal neurons) demonstrated reduced branching and intersections points for apical (p < 0.001) and basal (p < 0.05) dendrites following blue light exposure. Blue light-blocking lenses significantly improved the number of basal branching points compared with the LE group. Our study shows that prolonged exposure to high levels of blue light pose a significant hazard to the visual system resulting in damage to the retina with the associated remodeling of visual cortex neurons. BBL may offer moderate protection against exposure to high levels of blue light.

Introduction Communications between iliac veins in the pelvis are reported to be rare occurrences, which are mostly due to developmental abnormalities. The common iliac vein is formed by the joining of the internal and external iliac veins. Here, we present a detailed morphological and histological study of a rare communication found between the internal and external iliac veins, which would prove to be of substantial value to the knowledge of vessels in the pelvis, both for clinicians and surgeons. Materials and Methods In the present study, we came across a rare communication in the form of a ladder, between the left internal and external iliac veins in a 70-year-old male cadaver. There were two communications (named upper and lower communications) between the external and internal iliac veins, before they joined to form the common iliac vein. On naked eye observation, the lumen of the right common iliac vein appeared to be wider than on the left side. The lengths of these communications and the distance between each of their attachments have been measured and tabulated. The walls of these veins, their microscopic sections and their communication involved in the case were taken. The possible causes for these variations were congenital, owing to the complicated nature of the developmental process involved in the formation of the inferior vena cava and the venous system of the lower limb. Results The structure of all the veins involved in this case and the communications were seen to be normal. The thickness of these walls were measured and tabulated for uniformity around the circumference of the wall of these veins. All the measurements from the structural variations and from the histological observations are tabulated in our results. Conclusion The complicated development sequence of these veins could have possibly led to the persistence of these communications. Such a developmental variation does not seem to pose any threat until unless encountered under clinical or surgical interventions, as the histological structure of the walls of the communications as well as the major channels connected appeared to be normal and well-developed. The detailed morphological and histological features of these structures involved in the variation along with the possible complications have been presented in the present report. Knowledge of these variations and complications due to injury plays a key role in a clinical setup.

The aim of our present study was to assess Saraswata Churna's anxiolytic and anti-depressant efficacy in a Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy rat model. Depression and anxiety are major psychological symptoms in epilepsy patients, and they have a significant impact on health-related quality of life. Many cases of neurological problems have been treated using Saraswata Churna, an ayurvedic medicine. The elevated plus maze (EVPM) was used to assess anxiolytic action, while the forced swimming test (FST) was used to assess antidepressant activity. The EVPM test has been shown to be effective in determining the anxiolytic effects of pharmaceuticals and various steroid as well as non-steroid hormones, as well as identifying the brain locations and mechanisms that underpin anxiety-related behaviour in rodents. Saraswata churna was reported to be effective in reducing anxiety and depression in rats at a dosage of 500 mg/kg.b.w by increasing open arm time and decreasing closed arm entrance in the EVPM paradigm and increasing the duration of immobility in the FST model. As a result, Saraswata Churna could be used as an effective therapeutic agent for anxiety and depression.

The purpose of this study was to see how Saraswata Churna (SC) affected the cognition of 4-month-old adult male Wistar rats who had epilepsy. One of the most common epilepsy symptoms is memory impairment. The elevated plus maze (EVPM) and Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to assess the effect of SC on rat learning and memory. Pilocarpine (270 mg/kg BW, i.p.) was used to induce epilepsy. Saraswata Churna's effect on pilocarpine-induced epilepsy was evaluated. Saraswata Churna (300 mg/kg b.w. orally) improved the rats' cognitive performance, as shown by reduced latency in the EVPM, decreased escape latency during training, and more time spent in the target zone during recovery in the MWM. Saraswata Churna (300 mg/kg b.w. oral) has memory-enhancing action comparable to phenytoin (30 mg/kg b.w. i.p.). Saraswata Churna demonstrated memory-improving efficacy in rats, most likely because to its phytoconstituents, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticonvulsive properties.