We utilize photonic crystals to simulate enhanced light-trapping in a-Si:H thin film solar cells. A one dimensional photonic crystal or distributed Bragg reflector with alternating dielectric layers acts as low loss backreflector. A two dimensional photonic crystal between the absorber layer and the Bragg reflector diffracts light at oblique angles within the absorber. The photonic crystal geometry is optimized to obtain maximum absorption. The photonic crystal provides lossless diffraction of photons, increasing the photon path length within the absorber layer. The simulation predicts significantly enhanced photon harvesting between 600 and 775nm below the band edge, and an absorption increase by more than a factor of 10 near the band edge. The optical path length ratio can exceed the classical limit predicted for randomly roughened scattering surfaces at most wavelengths near the band edge. The optical modeling is performed with a rigorous scattering matrix approach where Maxwell’s equations are solved in Fourier space.

We demonstrate enhanced absorption in solar cells and enhanced light emission in OLEDs by light interaction with a periodically structured microlens array. We simulate n-i-p perovskite solar cells with a microlens at the air-glass interface, with rigorous scattering matrix simulations. The microlens focuses light in nanoscale regions within the absorber layer enhancing the solar cell. Optimal period of ~700 nm and microlens height of ~800-1000 nm, provides absorption (photocurrent) enhancement of 6% (6.3%). An external polymer microlens array on the air-glass side of the OLED generates experimental and theoretical enhancements >100%, by outcoupling trapped modes in the glass substrate.

We develop a periodically patterned conformal photonic-plasmonic crystal based solar architecture for a nano-crystalline silicon solar cell, through rigorous scattering matrix simulations. The solar cell architecture has a periodic array of tapered silver nano-pillars as the back-reflector coupled with a conformal periodic structure at the top of the cell. The absorption and maximal current, averaged over the entire range of wavelengths, for this solar cell architecture is at the semi-classical 4n² limit over a range of common thicknesses (500-1500 nm) and slightly above the 4n² limit for a 500 nm nc-Si cell. The absorption exceeds the 4n² limit, corrected for reflection loss at the top surface. The photonic crystal cell current is enhanced over the flat Ag back-reflector by 60%, for a thick 1000 nm nc-Si layer, where predicted currents exceed 31 mA/cm². The conformal structure at the top surface focuses light within the absorber layer. There is plasmonic concentration of light, with intensity enhancements exceeding 7, near the back reflector that substantially enhances absorption.

Thick wafer-silicon is the dominant solar cell technology. It is of great interest to develop ultra-thin solar cells that can reduce materials usage, but still achieve acceptable performance and high solar absorption. Accordingly, we developed a highly absorbing ultra-thin crystalline Si based solar cell architecture using periodically patterned front and rear dielectric nanocone arrays which provide enhanced light trapping. The rear nanocones are embedded in a silver back reflector. In contrast to previous approaches, we utilize dielectric photonic crystals with a completely flat silicon absorber layer, providing expected high electronic quality and low carrier recombination. This architecture creates a dense mesh of wave-guided modes at near-infrared wavelengths in the absorber layer, generating enhanced absorption. For thin silicon (<2 μm) and 750 nm pitch arrays, scattering matrix simulations predict enhancements exceeding 90%. Absorption approaches the Lambertian limit at small thicknesses (100 μm) cells. There is potential for 20 μm thick cells to provide 30 mA/cm² photo-current and >20% efficiency. This architecture has great promise for ultra-thin silicon solar panels with reduced material utilization and enhanced light-trapping.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) suffer from poor light outcoupling efficiency (η_out < 20%) due to large internal waveguiding in the high-index layers/substrate, and plasmonic losses at the metal cathode interface. A promising approach to enhance light outcoupling is to utilize internal periodic corrugations that can diffract waveguided and plasmonic modes back to the air cone. Although corrugations can strongly diffract trapped modes, the optimal geometry of corrugations and limits to η_out are not well-established. We develop a general rigorous scattering matrix theory for light emission from corrugated OLEDs, by solving Maxwell’s equations in Fourier space, incorporating the environment-induced modification of the optical emission rate (Purcell effect). We computationally obtain the spectrally emissive power inside and outside the OLED. We find conformally corrugated OLEDs, where all OLED interfaces are conformal with a photonic crystal substrate, having triangular lattice symmetry, exhibit high light outcoupling η_out ∼60–65%, and an enhancement factor exceeding 3 for optimal pitch values between 1 and 2.5 μm. Waveguided and surface plasmon modes are strongly diffracted to the air cone through first-order diffraction. η_out is insensitive to corrugation heights larger than 100 nm. There is a gradual roll-off in η_out for a larger pitch and sharper decreases for small pitch values. Plasmonic losses remain below 10% for all corrugation pitch values. Our predicted OLED designs provide a pathway for achieving very high light outcoupling over the full optical spectrum that can advance organic optoelectronic science and solid-state lighting.