The current reference standard to make a definitive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction assay (rt-PCR). However, radiological imaging plays a crucial role in evaluating the course of COVID-19 and in choosing proper management of infected patients. Chest X-ray (CXR) is generally considered not to be sensitive for the detection of pulmonary abnormalities in the early stage of the disease. However, in the emergency setting CXR can be a useful diagnostic tool for monitoring the rapid progression of lung involvement in COVID-19, especially in patients admitted to intensive care units. The rapid course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity and progression of lung aberrations require a method of radiological evaluation to implement and manage the appropriate treatment for infected patients. Computed tomography (CT) imaging is considered to be the most effective method for the detection of lung abnormalities, especially in the early stage of the disease. Moreover, serial chest CT imaging with different time intervals is also effective in estimating the evolution of the disease from initial diagnosis to discharge from hospital. Despite having low specificity in distinguishing abnormalities in viral infections, the high sensitivity of CT makes this method ideal for assessing the severity of the disease in patients with confirmed COVID-19.

Development on new fast MRI scanners resulted in rising number of prostate examinations. High-spatial resolution of MRI examinations performed on 3T scanners allows recognition of very fine anatomical structures previously not demarcated on performed scans. We present current status of MR imaging in the context of recognition of most important anatomical structures.

Clinically, active surveillance involves continuous monitoring of patients who may be at risk for disease. Patients with low-grade and early-stage prostate cancer may benefit from active surveillance, rather than undergoing surgical and medical treatments that are associated with side effects. In these cases, the role of active surveillance is to ensure that there is no progression of the disease. However, active surveillance may be associated with a risk of under-diagnosis. Previously, the assignment of risk categories and patient monitoring were based on digital rectal examination, transrectal prostate biopsy, and monitoring of serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate gland has an estimated negative predictive value of 95% for the detection of prostate cancer, which makes this an effective imaging method for targeting biopsies and for monitoring patients over time. Also, multiparametric MRI-guided biopsy at the initial stage of the risk stratification for patients who are newly diagnosed with prostate cancer may reduce the number of underdiagnosed patients, improve long-term patient prognosis, and reduce the number of patients who are overtreated, which may reduce healthcare costs and reduce treatment morbidity. For these reasons, multiparametric MRI has become an accepted monitoring tool in patients who are enrolled in active surveillance programs. This review aims to present the current status of the use of multiparametric MRI in active surveillance of prostate cancer and to discuss future perspectives, supported by recent literature.

Introduction: Long-haul COVID-19 is a condition of unknown background occurring in COVID-19 survivors regardless of the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection itself. The aim of the study was to evaluate brain changes in patients suffering from variable symptoms of brain fog after COVID-19.Material and methods: Eleven patients hospitalized due to symptoms of severe brain fog, i.e. insomnia, sudden impairment of cognitive function, headache, and depression, and 14 healthy volunteers underwent brain imaging including MR spectroscopy.Results: Routine MR imaging revealed no specific macroscopic changes in keeping with brain fog. Considering that the clinical manifestation of brain fog is transient, the evaluation of the metabolic status of the brain remained the method of choice. The concentration of the major cerebral metabolites, i.e. NAA, Cho, and Cr, remained stable. However, changes in Glx and Lac concentration were observed in MR spectroscopy.Conclusions: Following results along with clinical course of the brain for imply probable ischaemic background of symptoms.

Purpose of the Report: Although multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is commonly used for the primary staging of prostate cancer, it may miss non-enlarged metastatic lymph nodes. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA PET-CT) is a promising method to detect non-enlarged metastatic lymph nodes, but more data are needed. Materials and Methods: In this single-center, prospective study, we enrolled patients with intermediate-to-high-risk prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy with pelvic node dissection. Before surgery, prostate imaging with mpMRI and PSMA PET-CT was used to assess lymph node involvement (LNI), extra-prostatic extension (EPE), and seminal vesicle involvement (SVI). Additionally, we used clinical nomograms to estimate the risk of these three outcomes. Results: Of the 74 patients included, 61 (82%) had high-risk prostate cancer, and the rest had intermediate-risk cancer. Histopathology revealed LNI in 20 (27%) patients, SVI in 26 (35%), and EPE in 52 (70%). PSMA PET-CT performed better than mpMRI at detecting LNI (area under the curve (AUC, 95% confidence interval): 0.779 (0.665–0.893) vs. 0.655 (0.529–0.780)), but mpMRI was better at detecting SVI (AUC: 0.775 (0.672–0.878) vs. 0.585 (0.473–0.698)). The MSKCC nomogram performed well at detecting both LNI (AUC: 0.799 (0.680–0.918)) and SVI (0.772 (0.659–0.885)). However, when the nomogram was used to derive binary diagnoses, decision curve analyses showed that the MSKCC nomogram provided less net benefit than mpMRI and PSMA PET-CT for detecting SVI and LNI, respectively. Conclusions: mpMRI and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT are complementary techniques to be used in conjunction for the primary T and N staging of prostate cancer.

Lower-limb alignment deformities constitute a significant clinical concern, as they can lead to serious complications, including progressive degenerative diseases and disabilities. Rotational deformities may give rise to conditions such as joint arthrosis, patellar instability, and the degeneration of the patellofemoral cartilage. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of lower-limb alignment is essential for the effective patient management, preoperative planning, and successful correction of these deformities. The primary assessment method employs full-length standing radiographs in the anteroposterior (AP) projection, which facilitates accurate measurements of the anatomical and mechanical axes of the lower limb, including angles and deviations. The outcomes of this analysis are vital for the meticulous planning of osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In addition, computed tomography (CT) provides a specialized approach for the precise evaluation of femoral and tibial rotation. In this area, there are potential opportunities for the implementation of AI-based automated measurement systems.