Presently, most high-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated using toxic antisolvent and in a nitrogen-filled glovebox, which results in increased cost, reduced reproducibility, and incompatibility with large-area modules. In addition, interfacial trap-assisted nonradiative recombination impedes the further advancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term operational stability of p–i–n inverted PSCs. Herein, we report a dual-site passivation of anionic and cationic defects through heterocycle functionalized amidinium cations, which stabilizes the interface between perovskite films and electron transport layers and minimizes interfacial nonradiative recombination loss. The dual-site passivation of amidinium cations is accomplished through precisely modulating the distance between two anchoring sites and spatial conformation. The dual-site passivation endows pyridine-functionalized amidinium salt 4-amidinopyridinium chloride (APCl) with an exceptional defect passivation ability. The APCl modulation enables high-efficiency inverted PSCs with a champion PCE of 26.83% (certified steady-state PCE of 26.32%), which is the best PCE ever reported for PSCs fabricated based on vacuum flash and in ambient air. The APCl-modulated devices could retain 95.8% of their initial performance after 2000 h of continuous maximum power point tracking. Moreover, the high-efficiency large-area module with a PCE of 19.83% (aperture area of 40.1 cm²) is obtained by this dual-site passivation technique of amidinium cations.

Modified Ni-Al₂O₃ catalysts with Ca, Co, and Ce species as promoters were prepared by the combustion method, and the structure, morphology, reduction characteristic, and CO₂–CH₄ reforming of the catalysts were discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), H₂-temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, NH₃-temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), N₂ adsorption–desorption, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG), and temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH) methods. The crystal size of Ni on Ca-Ni-Al₂O₃ was 16.97 nm, and the active component and additive were distributed well in the catalyst. Co-Ni-Al₂O₃ presented a surface area of 65.70 m²·g^–1 and a pore diameter of 161.60 nm. Ce-Ni-Al₂O₃ showed relatively stable nickel–aluminum spinel (NiAl₂O₄), which could not be easily reduced to the active component Ni. Evaluation results demonstrated that the performance of the catalysts followed the order Co-Ni-Al₂O₃ > Ca-Ni-Al₂O₃ > Ni-Al₂O₃ > Ce-Ni-Al₂O₃. Carbon deposition analysis showed that the carbon resistance of Ca-Ni-Al₂O₃ was poor and graphitic carbon was generated on the catalyst. However, Ce-Ni-Al₂O₃ showed less carbon deposition, which might have resulted from the lower activity of the catalyst.

As we all know, the massive emission of carbon dioxide has become a huge ecological and environmental problem. The extensive exploration, exploitation, transportation, storage, and use of natural gas resources will result in the emittance of a large amount of the greenhouse gas CH₄. Therefore, the treatment and utilization of the main greenhouse gases, CO₂ and CH₄, are extremely urgent. The CH₄ + CO₂ reaction is usually called the dry methane reforming reaction (CRM/DRM), which can realize the direct conversion and utilization of CH₄ and CO₂, and it is of great significance for carbon emission reduction and the resource utilization of CO₂-rich natural gas. In order to improve the activity, selectivity, and stability of the CO₂-CH₄ reforming catalyst, the highly active and relatively cheap metal Ni is usually used as the active component of the catalyst. In the CO₂-CH₄ reforming process, the widely studied Ni-based catalysts are prone to inactivation due to carbon deposition, which limits their large-scale industrial application. Due to the limitation of thermodynamic equilibrium, the CRM reaction needs to obtain high conversion and selectivity at a high temperature. Therefore, how to improve the anti-carbon deposition ability of the Ni-based catalyst, how to improve its stability, and how to eliminate carbon deposition are the main difficulties faced at present.

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), pyridine (Py), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and tetralin (THN) were used to swell Hefeng acid-washed bituminous coal (HBC_AC). The swelling effect on HBC_AC by each solvent is different, among which NMP presented well swelling performance, with a swelling degree of 2.11. FTIR results showed that acid washing and swelling processes presented a marginal effect on HBC, and there was no damage to the macromolecule structure of the coal. TG–DTG profiles of the swollen coals illustrated that the total weight loss of each sample was lower than that of the acid-washing one, while the temperature of the maximum weight loss rate peak was almost unchanged, around 445 °C. Extract yield by methanol followed the order of HBC_AC > HBC > HBC_AC–NMP (swelled by NMP), showing that acid washing promoted the methanol extraction process, with a higher extract yield of 3.21%, which is twice that of HBC (1.66%).