Persea americana Mill. seed or avocado seed contains phytochemical components such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolic, and alkaloid. The phenolic compounds of avocado seed are mainly catechin, hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and triterpenoid glycosides. This review also discusses various extraction methods using an organic solvent, inorganic solvent, and a mixture of solvents. The analysis methods to measure the chemical properties of extracted phytochemicals from avocado seed are discussed. The functional properties of the phytochemicals obtained from the seed are presented.

In this study, we developed starch‐based bionanocomposite films by incorporating Peganum harmala extract (PE) and titanium dioxide (TiO ₂ ) nanoparticles into a sago‐starch matrix. We evaluated their physicochemical properties and their ability to retard lipid oxidation and preserve sensory quality in chicken fillets during 12 days of refrigerated storage (4°C). The optimal film formulation containing 3% TiO ₂ and 10% PE exhibited a significantly reduced moisture content (6.16% ± 0.37% vs. 10.53% ± 0.39% in the control), lower water solubility (18.74% ± 0.49% vs. 23.94% ± 0.82%), and enhanced water absorption capacity (1.60 ± 0.04 vs. 2.19 ± 0.07 g/g). Mechanical testing showed that its tensile strength increased by 54%, from 14.32 ± 0.59 MPa (control) to 22.01 ± 0.75 MPa, while elongation at break remained acceptable (20.60% ± 0.27%). When applied to chicken fillets, this active film reduced peroxide values by approximately 48% (from 9.2 to 4.8 meq O ₂ /kg) and thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances by 42% (from 1.65 to 0.96 mg MDA/kg) after 12 days, compared to unwrapped samples. Sensory evaluation by a trained panel revealed that the odor, color, and overall acceptability scores of the coated fillets remained above 7.5 (on a 9‐point scale), whereas the control samples scored below 5. The improved oxidative stability is attributed to the synergistic effect of TiO ₂ , a UV‐shielding agent, and PE, a radical scavenger. At the same time, the mechanical reinforcement is due to strong hydrogen bonding between the starch matrix and nanoparticles. These findings demonstrate that sago‐starch/TiO ₂ /PE bionanocomposite films can effectively enhance oxidative stability and maintain sensory quality in refrigerated poultry, offering a promising biodegradable packaging solution.

Averrhoa bilimbi grows in tropical and subtropical countries and has the potential to be used as phytopharmaceuticals. Averrhoa bilimbi leaves and fruits contain phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and triterpenoids. These compounds are mostly obtained by extraction and can be used for their pharmacological properties in the form of antibacterial, antivirus, total cholesterol level reducer, and antioxidant. Further research and development need to be carried out on the effectiveness and performance of Averrhoa bilimbi.

The purpose of this study was to characterise biochar produced from various carbon sources. This study was conducted using a Nested De sign with three replications. Three carbon sources, rice husk (RH), corn co bs (CC), and bagasse sugarcane (BS) were pyrolysed for 2 hours at temper atures of 400, 500 and 600°C. The three types of biochar were then analyse d on their moisture content, ash content, fixed carbon content, volatile matt er, calorific value, particle size and elemental analysis results. The results of this study were that the temperature of pyrolysis at 600 °C can optimally produce biochar with the lowest moisture content, ash content and volatile matter value, and highest fixed carbon and calorific values. The particle siz e analysis shows that biochar produced using this optimum condition has the smallest average particle size distribution. The elemental analysis condu cted through Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray s pectroscopy (SEM-EDX) shows various elements in each biochar produce d from the three different carbon sources.