We prove that the stochastic and standard field-theoretical approaches produce exactly the same results for the amount of light massive scalar field fluctuations generated during inflation in the leading order of the slow-roll approximation. This is true both in the case for which this field is a test one and inflation is driven by another field, and the case for which the field plays the role of inflaton itself. In the latter case, in order to calculate the mean square of the gauge-invariant inflaton fluctuations, the logarithm of the scale factor $a$ has to be used as the time variable in the Fokker-Planck equation in the stochastic approach. The implications of particle production during inflation for the second stage of inflation and for the moduli problem are also discussed. The case of a massless self-interacting test scalar field in de Sitter background with a zero initial renormalized mean square is also considered in order to show how the stochastic approach can easily produce results corresponding to diagrams with an arbitrary number of scalar field loops in the field-theoretical approach (explicit results up to four loops included are presented).

We compute the growth of the mean square of quantum fluctuations of test fields with small effective mass during a slowly changing, nearly de~Sitter stage which takes place in different inflationary models. We consider a minimally coupled scalar with a small mass, a modulus with an effective mass $\propto${}H2 (with H the Hubble parameter), and a massless nonminimally coupled scalar in the test field approximation and compare the growth of their relative mean square with the one of gauge-invariant inflaton fluctuations. We find that in most of the single field inflationary models the mean square gauge-invariant inflaton fluctuation grows faster than any test field with a non-negative effective mass. Hybrid inflationary models can be an exception: the mean square of a test field can dominate over the gauge-invariant inflaton fluctuation one on suitably chosen parameters. We also compute the stochastic growth of quantum fluctuations of a second field, relaxing the assumption of its zero homogeneous value, in a generic inflationary model; as a main result, we obtain that the equation of motion of a gauge-invariant variable associated, order by order, with a generic quantum scalar fluctuation during inflation can be obtained only if we use the number of e-folds as the time variable in the corresponding Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations for the stochastic approach. We employ this approach to derive some bounds for the case of a model with two massive fields.

Local measurements of the Hubble constant, for example from nearby supernovae, are shown to be affected by structures such as galaxy clusters, or voids, with the uncertainty that is introduced being comparable to current observational errors.