The gut microbiome is represented by the genome of all microorganisms (symbiotic, potential pathogens, or pathogens) residing in the intestine. These ecological communities are involved in almost all metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases are not excluded. Atherosclerosis, with a continuously increasing incidence in recent years, is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and stroke by plaque rupture and intraplaque hemorrhage. Vascular calcification, a process very much alike with osteogenesis, is considered to be a marker of advanced atherosclerosis. New evidence, suggesting the role of dietary intake influence on the diversity of the gut microbiome in the development of vascular calcifications, is highly debated. Gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine and produce vasculotoxic metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. This review article aims to discuss the latest research about how probiotics and the correction of diet is impacting the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the atherosclerotic process and vascular calcification. Further studies could create the premises for interventions in the microbiome as future primary tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque and vascular calcifications.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has transformed the management of cutaneous melanoma, emerging as a cornerstone in evaluating regional lymphatic spread while minimizing surgical morbidity. From its theoretical foundation laid by Cabanas to its refinement and clinical validation through landmark trials, SLNB has evolved into a standard of care with significant prognostic value. This review traces the historical trajectory of SLNB, analyzes current guidelines and controversies and explores future directions. Novel imaging technologies, such as indocyanine green fluorescence and augmented reality-assisted mapping, promise to enhance accuracy and reduce invasiveness. Furthermore, the advent of effective systemic therapies and neoadjuvant protocols is reshaping the therapeutic landscape, potentially redefining the role of SLNB in melanoma management. As precision medicine advances, SLNB remains an essential procedure, with its utility continually redefined by technological innovation and evolving oncologic strategies.

Background: cutaneous melanoma has often unpredictable lymphatic drainage patterns, especially at the level of the trunk, head and neck regions. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is an important prognostic tool that accurately assesses regional lymph node involvement and guides therapeutic decisions. Material and Methods: this prospective study involved 104 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma who underwent SLNB using a radioactive tracer. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) were identified via lymphoscintigraphy and gamma camera guidance, followed by histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Results: the SLNB identification rate was 100%. Multiple lymphatic drainage basins (LDB) were identified in 27% of cases, predominantly in trunk, head, and neck regions. The mean number of SLN identified was 2.11 by lymphoscintigraphy and 3.35 by histopathology. SLN metastases were present in 22.11% of patients. Conclusions: SLNB with a radioactive tracer is particularly useful for cutaneous melanomas of the trunk, head or neck. This technique also has less false negative results for melanomas located at the lever of the limbs.