Single-stationed geomagnetic vertical intensity polarization (GVIP) anomalies have demonstrated good predictions of the occurrence of large earthquakes in Japan. Nonetheless, due to the lack of a previously densified geomagnetic network, how the multistationary GVIP anomaly (MGVIPA) corresponds to impending earthquakes remains poorly understood. Based on the newly constructed geomagnetic network from 2014 in Qinghai, China, which is composed of 23 electromagnetic stations, we suggested an MGVIPA method to analyze the correlation with large earthquakes since 2015. The results show that (1) the occurrence of MGVIPA is characterized by clusters in time that continue in a short period; (2) the spatial distribution of MGVIPA usually occurs with high values synchronously at several places over the same period; and (3) the Mw ≥ 6 earthquakes occurred in the regions indicated by MGVIPA within a period ranging from 3 months to 1 year from 2015 to 2021 in Qinghai, China.

Compelling evidence has shown that geomagnetic disturbances in vertical intensity polarization before great earthquakes are promising precursors across diverse rupture conditions. However, the geomagnetic vertical intensity polarization method uses the spectrum of smooth signals, and the anomalous waveforms of seismic electromagnetic radiation, which are basically nonstationary, have not been adequately considered. By combining pulse amplitude analysis and an experimental study of the cumulative frequency of anomalies, we found that the pulse amplitudes before the 2022 Luding M6.8 earthquake show characteristics of multiple synchronous anomalies, with the highest (or higher) values occurring during the analyzed period. Similar synchronous anomalies were observed before the 2021 Yangbi M6.4 earthquake, the 2022 Lushan M6.1 earthquake and the 2022 Malcolm M6.0 earthquake, and these anomalies indicate migration from the periphery toward the epicenters over time. The synchronous changes are in line with the recognition of previous geomagnetic anomalies with characteristics of high values before an earthquake and gradual recovery after the earthquake. Our study suggests that the pulse amplitude is effective for extracting anomalies in geomagnetic vertical intensity polarization, especially in the presence of nonstationary signals when utilizing observations from multiple station arrays. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating pulse amplitude analysis into earthquake prediction research on geomagnetic disturbances.

Tectonic extrusion bypassing the eastern Himalayan syntaxis results in a significant increase in regional stress instability and the associated frequent occurrence of earthquakes in southern Yunnan, China. However, the stress field, and the relationship between the focal mechanism of earthquakes and stress evolution in southern Yunnan, remain enigmatic. In this paper, using a modified grid point test method, we calculated the focal mechanism of M_L ≥ 2.5 earthquakes in southern Yunnan (22–25° N, 100–104° E) from January 2009 to June 2023. Utilizing the solutions of historical earthquake focal mechanisms, we obtained the present-day regional tectonic stress field in southern Yunnan via inversion. The results indicate complex and diverse seismic focal mechanisms, and the main types of earthquakes are strike-slip events, followed by normal fault and reverse fault events. The orientations of the maximum and minimum principal stress axes rotate in a clockwise direction from northeast to southwest. The internal stress orientation distribution of the rhombic Sichuan–Yunnan block in the study area is consistent, and the block boundary zone is the site where stress deflection occurs, and the regional tectonic stress field is influenced by the interaction among different blocks. The distribution of R-value in the Lamping–Simao block gradually increases from north to south, indicating that the compressive stress required for material transport becomes relatively small. Combined with the geological and tectonic background of the study area, our results suggest that the speed of block movement gradually decreases from north to south; the distribution of R-value in the South China block is significantly smaller than that of the interior of the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombus, and the proportion of compressive stresses is larger, indicating a stronger extrusion in this region, which may be related to the fact that the Sichuan–Yunnan rhombus is strongly resisted by the South China block in the east.

The resolution of lithospheric magnetic field models over the Tibetan Plateau is highly improved by incorporating data from over 200 ground-based stations. Moderate to strong earthquakes (M ≥ 5) predominantly occur in regions where the vertical component (Z) of the lithospheric magnetic field is negative, particularly within the range of-50 to 0 nT. The lithospheric magnetic field is a key indicator for revealing deep thermodynamic conditions and identifying seismic hazard zones. Abstract： The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the United States collected aeromagnetic data for input into a series of geomagnetic models to improve the resolution, but in the Tibetan Plateau region the ground-based observation data are missing and do not clearly reflect the characteristics of lithospheric magnetism. In this study, we evaluate the lithospheric magnetism of the Tibetan Plateau by using a 3D surface spline model and the observation of >200 newly constructed stations to determine the spatial distribution of plateau geomagnetism, as well as its correlation with the tectonic features of the region. We analyze the relationships between M ≥ 5 earthquakes and the lithospheric magnetic field variation at the Tibetan Plateau, and identify regions susceptible to the occurrence of strong earthquakes. We compare the geomagnetic results with those from an enhanced magnetic model (EMM) and shed light on improving the lithospheric magnetic field calculation in the Tibetan Plateau region. Further research reveals that this magnetic anomalies exhibit distinct differences from magnetic-seismic correlation mechanisms observed in other tectonic settings. It is primarily governed by the combined effects of compressional magnetism, thermal magnetism, and deep thermal-stress condition. This study provides new evidence and physical interpretation for identifying seismic hazard zones on the Tibetan Plateau using geomagnetic anomalies.