A list of Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) of Iran is provided based primarily on literature records from 1902 to the present. In total 390 species are recorded from 13 subfamilies. Ninety three of the recorded species are considered to be endemic to Iran. The current accepted name is given for each species together with synonyms and literature citations relating to Iran. Selenocephalus darei is recognized as a published misspelling for Selenocephalus dareicus Dlabola, 1981. There is no evidence that the Nearctic species Empoasca fabae (Harris, 1841) and Erythroneura comes (Say, 1825) have been found in Iran; previous records appear to have been based on misidentifications. A brief distribution of species within Iran is provided.

The tribe Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang, 1991 is discussed and a diagnosis to the tribe and key to the included genera are given. The genus Scantinius Stål, 1866 with type species Scantinius bruchoides (Walker, 1858) is redescribed. Dindinga oculata Distant, 1909 is placed as junior synonym of S. bruchoides. A new species, Scantinius shelfordi sp.n. is describedfrom Northern Borneo and a key to the two species is given. The genus Flavina Stål, 1861 is transferred to the Parahiraciini from the Thioniini Melichar, 1906 and Nilalohita Distant, 1906 is placed in synonymy under it. Prosonoma Melichar, 1906 is placed in synonymy under Bardunia Stål, 1863. The genus Mincopius Distant, 1909 is transferred to the Parahiraciini fromthe Issini Spinola, 1839.

The mutualistic interspecific relationships of trophobiosis between trophobiont planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) providing food to the host called xenobiont, are reviewed. The degree of interspecific relationships between these symbionts varies from occasional or short time duration (a few hours to a few days) to longer ones, with trophobionts left free to escape (optobiotic type) by the xenobiont, or maintained enclosed in nests or ant shelters (cryptobiotic type). Of 267 collected cases, 126 are new illustrated observations. Occasional trophobiosis is documented in 13 families of planthoppers and appears to be quite general in Fulgoromorpha, although it is reported for the first time for Dictyopharidae, Eurybrachidae, and Nogodinidae. Xenobionts associated with planthoppers are reported from ants and other Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Blattodea, but also from Mollusca and even small gekkonid vertebrates. Tettigometridae appear to be exclusively tended by ants, while Fulgoridae significantly more often by cockroaches (40%) than by ants (27%). Long-time trophobiosis occurs always with ants, cryptobiotic ones reported in Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Tettigometridae, Meenoplidae, Flatidae and Hypochthonellidae, while optobiotic ones remain restricted to tettigometrids. A particular focus on Tettigometridae attended by ants is provided with new etho-ecological observations of 92 currently described tettigometrids species, 32 different species (35%) are now known to be able to be ant-attended. In Bulgaria, where fourteen species occur, trophobiosis occurs with at least five species of them (36%). In tettigometrids, subsociality, sessility, and underground life appear to be key factors allowing more complex relationships with ants. However, the planthopper size and thus the amount of food (drops of honeydew) is probably also an important factor. This might explain many new observations in large-sized and often isolated fulgorids with cockroaches. Tapping of trophobiont forewings by cockroaches, moths, or of the bark subtrate by geckos has been observed, but antennal palpation behaviours by ants are the most commonly observed with tettigometrids, although not with larger planthoppers. In tettigometrids, specific tegumentary glands secretions (allomones) of the abdomen pleurites might also mediate their long-term mutualistic associations, even possibly completing honeydew kairomones actions mediating planthopper trophobiosis in general.

A new genus, of the leafhopper tribe Opsiini, Paraorosius is proposed to accommodate Orosius minuicus Dlabola, 1979 and, P. hanii sp. n. from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A key to the genera of Opsiini of the Arabian Peninsula is provided.

The first part of this paper provides a historical review of the classification of the family Tettigometridae, including the description of a new tribe, Plesiometrini trib. nov. to accommodate three Afrotropical genera of the subfamily Tettigometrinae. The name Nototettigometra Muir 1924, is proposed to replace Hilda Kirkaldy 1900, homonym of Hilda Hörnes & Auinger 1884, and corresponding new combinations are given, including Nototettigometrinae nom. subst. to replace Hildinae Fennah 1952. An identification key to suprageneric taxa of Tettigometridae including both male and female characters is provided. In the second part, 18 tettigometrid species are recorded from Iran. A new species, Tettigometra (Tettigometra) parihana sp. nov. is described. Tettigometra (Metroplaca) longicornis and Tettigometra (Tettigometra) impressifrons are reported as new records for the Iranian fauna. An identification key and distribution maps are provided for the Iran fauna.

The leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) are a diverse and cosmopolitan group of Hemiptera that feed on plants, and occasionally cause losses due to the direct damage they inflict to their hosts, or by transmission of viruses and phytoplasmas. Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria that can adversely affect many plant families. In the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, several species of urban trees, potatoes, and strawberry crops are affected by phytoplasma diseases. The family Cicadellidae contains the largest number of known vectors of phytoplasmas, but in Colombia, knowledge of their biology is scarce. The objective of this work was to characterize the diversity of Cicadellidae associated with kikuyu grass Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone (Poaceae) in the grasslands of the Sabana de Bogotá, at an urban site of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and a semirural site at the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, located in Bogotá and Cajicá, Colombia, respectively. Species richness, abundance, and cicadellid dominance were compared for the 2 sampling sites, using alpha and beta diversity estimators. In total, 3,334 leafhoppers were collected, represented by subfamilies Deltocephalinae (82.3%), Cicadellinae (15.8%), Aphrodinae (1.2%), Iassinae (0.6%), Idiocerinae (0.03%), and Typhlocybinae (0.03%). Of the 15 leafhopper species present, 6 were identified to the species level. DNA barcodes were established for 12 morphotypes, including 6 species and 6 superior taxa by amplification of the COI gene. In both locations, the sampling effort was deemed insufficient. Species richness at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada was greater (n = 13) than at Universidad Nacional de Colombia (n = 10), but abundance was higher at Universidad Nacional de Colombia (n = 1,982) than at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (n = 1,352). The 2 most abundant species were Amplicephalus funzaensis Linnavuori and Exitianus atratus Linnavuori (both Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), both recorded as vectors of phytoplasmas. Other common leafhopper species in collections were Haldorus sp. and Dalbulus sp. (both Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and are considered possible phytoplasma vectors. Because C. clandestinus is host to several cicadellid species, it may play an important role in the epidemiology of phytoplasma transmission in the Sabana de Bogotá.