The aim of the study was to determine breast cancer risk and early diagnosis applications in women aged ≥50. This cross-sectional, descriptive field study focused on a population of 4,815 in Mansurog?lu with a 55.1% participation rate in screening. In the study, body mass index (BMI) was also evaluated in the calculation of breast cancer risk by the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRA) (also called the "Gail Risk Assessment Tool") . The interviewers had a three-hour training provided by the researchers, during which interactive training methods were used and applications were supported with role-plays. The mean age of the women participating in the study was 60.1±8.80. Of these women, 57.3% were in the 50-59 age group, 71.7% were married, 57.3% were primary school graduates and 61.7% were housewives. Breast-cancer development rate was 7.4% in the women participating in the study. When they were evaluated according to their relationship with those with breast cancer, it was determined that 73.0% of them had first- degree relatives with breast cancer. According to the assessment based on the Gail method, the women's breast cancer development risk within the next 5 years was 17.6%, whereas their calculated lifetime risk was found to be as low as 0.2%. Statistically significant differences (P=0.000) were determined between performing BSE - CBE and socio-demographic factors. It was determined that 17.6% of the participants had breast cancer risk. There was no statistically significant difference between the women with and without breast cancer risk in terms of early diagnosis practices, which can be regarded as a remarkable finding. It was planned to provide training about the early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer for people with high-risk scores, and to conduct population-based breast cancer screening programs.

In both developed and developing countries; breast cancer is the major cancer observed in women. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nursing and mammographic intervention on women with breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 70. A training program, which was quasi- experimental and had a pretest-protest design, was applied in Kemalpas?a district of Izmir, between October 2008 and August 2010. The target population was women between the ages of 50 and 70, who were registered in the list of 3rd Family Medicine Unit in Izmir's Kemalpas?a metropolis. A total of 106 women who were in conformity with the study criteria participated in the study. Research data were collected through home visits that included face-to-face interviews; Ministry of Health education material and video films were modified and used for the training. Data analysis was performed through 82 women who were paired at the first and the second phase. It was observed that although the rate of breast self examination significantly increased after the training (p=0.022), the rate of clinical breast examination (p=0.122) and mammographic screening (p=0.523) did not. Differences in the stages of change after training were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001) and the group showed a progression in the stages of change in general (46.3%). In women mean scores of breast cancer awareness (p<0.000), severity (p<0.000), health motivation (p<0.000) and perception of the benefits of mammography (p<0.000) increased significantly and mean score of perception of mammography barriers decreased significantly (p<0.000) after the training. After the training on breast cancer and mammography it was determined that nursing interventions provided positive progression of stages of change of women, affected health beliefs positively and significantly increased BSE incidences. However, it did not have a significant effect on CBE and mammographic screening.

Amaç: Meme kanseri ülkemizde önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Meme kanseri riskine sahip kadınların belirlenmesi ve tarama programlarına katılımlarının sağlanması, mortalite oranlarını azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; kadınlarda meme kanseri risk düzeyini ve tarama yöntemlerini kullanma durumlarını belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Materyal-Metot: Tanımlayıcı tipte yapılan bu araştırma Ağustos-Kasım 2019 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın evrenini; Bursa’da bir Aile Sağlığı Merkezinde 40 yaş ve üzeri 542 kadın oluşturmuştur. Evreni bilinen örneklem formülü ile hesaplanarak, örneklem 225 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma verileri, yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılarak “Birey Tanıtım Formu” ve “Meme Kanseri Risk Değerlendirme Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın yürütülmesi için etik kurul izni ve katılımcıların gönüllü olurları alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve t testi analizleri kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.005 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Kadınların %85.3’ünün meme kanseri riski düşük ve %1.7’sinin yüksek/en yüksek riske sahip olduğu belirlendi. Katılımcıların %32.0’sinin ayda bir kez düzenli olarak kendi kendine meme muayenesi yaptığı, %57.8’inin klinik meme muayenesi yaptırdığı ve %49.7’sinin düzenli olarak mamografi çektirdiği bulundu. Mamografi çektirme, menopoza girme ve meme kanseri risk algısı ile risk puanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulundu. Sonuç: Kadınların çoğunluğunun meme kanseri risk düzeyinin düşük olduğu, üçte birinin düzenli olarak KKMM yaptığı, yarısından biraz fazlasının KMM yaptırdığı ve beşte üçünün mamografi çektirdiği bulunmuştur. Mamografi çektiren, menopoza giren ve riski yüksek algılayan kadınların risk puanı anlamlı olarak yüksektir. Riskli kadınlar bilgilendirilmeli ve erken tanı için yönlendirme yapılmalıdır.

Social Perceptions of Breast Cancer by Women Still Undergoing or Having Completed Therapy: a Qualitative Study Qualitative study;focus group;breast cancer;social perception;interpretations;Turkey; Background: Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer is a crisis situation which effects women's lives physically, socially and spiritually. Investigating women's perceptions of this disease is crucially important for treatment decisions. We therefore determined social perceptions and interpretations of women diagnosed with breast cancer during therapy and in the post-treatment period. Materials and Methods: In the study, focus group and in-depth interviews were made with women still undergoing or having completed breast cancer treatment. Some 25 women were included in the research. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the qualitative data obtained after the focus group and in-depth interviews. Results: Some of the women demonstrated positive perceptions towards accepting the disease, whereas others had emotions such as rebellion and anger. The loss of a breast is important with different interpretations. Conclusions: Women's acceptance or rebellion against the disease varies within their social interpretations after the treatment, as at the stage of diagnosis/treatment. All stages of breast cancer negatively affect the social life of the affected individual as much as her body. Nurses assume crucial roles in coping with these negative effects. Thus, it is necessary to know, and sociologically interpret, what is indicated by the information on what the negative effects concerning the disease are and how they are interpreted.

Tobacco consumption is still a prevalent issue. Given that teachers are respected in society, they have a great responsibility for tobacco control. This study examines, using the Transtheoretical Model (TTM), the prevalence of tobacco use among teachers and their different stages of tobacco use. It also evaluates teachers' views on smoking and the effectiveness of training on tobacco use. This study is quasi-experimental. Pre-test and post-test were used first with a cross-sectional group, then with a single group to determine the frequency of tobacco use. The research participation complied with the voluntary principles and the participation rate was 84.9%. The research sample comprised 450 teachers working at schools (N=17) under the Kemalpasa Directorate of Education. The data form contained 29 questions about socio-demographic characteristics and smoking habits. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Smoking Decisional Balance Scale (SDBS), and the Stage of Change were used. A pre-test was also administered, and training was given between January 13 and March 4, 2014. After the training sessions, two short messages (SMS) were sent on March 12 and March 19, 2014. A post-test was administered between April 1 and May 21, 2014. The relevant institutions and participants gave the requisite permission for the data used in this study. Percentage distribution, dependent t-tests and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the research data. The median age of the teachers was 37.49±7.84. The teachers' mean score for the pre-test of FTND was 5.7±2.03, and their mean score for the post-test was 3.25±2.07. Post-test scores were remarkably lower than the pre-test scores. It was found that teachers' mean scores for SDBS were different before and after training. After training, anti-smoking attitudes increased (pros-cons scores: pre-test: -3.64±4.68, post-test: -11.25±5.48). The training helped the entire group to make progress in the process change. After training on "the health effects of smoking", teachers' anti-smoking attitudes rose on the smoking decision balance scale, their nicotine dependency was reduced, and they were able to move forward in a positive direction.