In recent years, the pollution of the air environment has been increasing, which has seriously endangered human health. The large amount of coal burning and automobile exhaust emissions in winter have caused serious regional pollution, which has greatly increased the prevalence of respiratory disease of people. The purpose of this study is to use Jilin Province as an example to map out the environmental pollution status in Northeastern China, and to provide suggestions for the improvement of the atmospheric environment. Using the annual data of China's atmospheric monitoring, the atmospheric environment in Jilin was comprehensively analysed using ArcGIS, principal component analysis (PCA) and non-carcinogenic risk model calculations. The results showed that the temporal distribution of pollutants was winter > spring > autumn > summer, and the spatial distribution is decreasing from northwest to southeast. The PCA showed that the first principal components were PM_2.5 and CO, and the second principal components were PM₁₀ and O₃. The main sources of air pollution were coal-fired (62.365%) and automobile emissions (19.153%). The non-carcinogenic risks of pollutants are all within the acceptable range (1 × 10⁻⁶), but as age increases, the risk gradually decreases, and the risk value of male is higher than that of female.