Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease primarily affecting the respiratory tract, however due to the nature of the pathogenesis it is able to affect the whole body. So far, no causative treatment has been found and the main strategy when dealing with COVID-19 relies on widespread vaccination programs and symptomatic treatment. Vitamin D due to its ability to modulate the immunological system has been proposed as a factor playing role in the organism response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, we decided to perform this meta-analysis which aimed to establish a connection between vitamin D status and COVID-19 infection. Methods: Study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Databases and Scopus electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from database inception to May 10th, 2021. Mean differences (MDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Thirteen studies providing data for 14,485 participants met the inclusion criteria. Mean vitamin D levels in SARS-CoV-2 negative patients was 17.7 ± 6.9 ng/mL compared to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients 14.1 ± 8.2 ng/mL (MD = 3.93; 95% CI 2.84–5.02; I2 = 99%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low serum vitamin D levels are statistically significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of vitamin D especially in the deficiency risk groups is indicated. Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease primarily affecting the respiratory tract, however due to the nature of the pathogenesis it is able to affect the whole body. So far, no causative treatment has been found and the main strategy when dealing with COVID-19 relies on widespread vaccination programs and symptomatic treatment. Vitamin D due to its ability to modulate the immunological system has been proposed as a factor playing role in the organism response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, we decided to perform this meta-analysis which aimed to establish a connection between vitamin D status and COVID-19 infection. Methods: Study was designed as a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Databases and Scopus electronic databases were searched for relevant studies from database inception to May 10th, 2021. Mean differences (MDs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Thirteen studies providing data for 14,485 participants met the inclusion criteria. Mean vitamin D levels in SARS-CoV-2 negative patients was 17.7 ± 6.9 ng/mL compared to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients 14.1 ± 8.2 ng/mL (MD = 3.93; 95% CI 2.84–5.02; I2 = 99%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Low serum vitamin D levels are statistically significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of vitamin D especially in the deficiency risk groups is indicated.

For Turner syndrome (TS) patients, smooth transition from pediatric to adult health care is a critical point. The study objective was to evaluate the medical follow-up of young women with TS in one clinical center 3 years after the latest guidelines had been introduced by the TS Study Group. A questionnaire study was performed in 59 TS adults selected from a database of 117 patients. Twenty-two of them, aged 23.0 ± 2.8 years, consented to participate. Nineteen responders (86.4%) were followed up by general practitioners who were not aware of the TS diagnosis in 14 (63.6%) cases. Eight (36.4%) were seen regularly by the relevant specialists. Adequate medical assessment varied from 5% (celiac serology) to 74% (gynecology assessment) and 82% (ear-nose-throat) of participants. None of the patients had undergone all of the recommended investigations according to recommendation. Height deficiency, body mass index, age at TS diagnosis and level of education did not correlate with the number of assessments performed (p = 0.687, p = 0.810, p = 0.641, and p = 0.568, respectively). Three years after the introduction of the current guidelines, medical follow-up in the transition phase is still inadequate. Improvement in transitional health care is warranted through better patient education, referring to physicians caring for adults with TS and better cooperation with general practitioners with wider popularization of the TS recommendations among them.

Background and aim: Recent American Heart Association Guidelines from 2010 and 2015 year stressed the importance of high quality chest compression and define standards for compression rate, depth, recoil and maximal acceptable time for interruptions. High - quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the „cornerstone” of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation Methods: 100 medical students were enrolled to the study. Study participants after Basic Life Support Course according to American Heart Association 2015 guidelines performed 2-min cardiopulmonary resuscitation on Resusci Anne® QCPR Manikin. The following data were collected: age, sex, health status. The study made use of a Tanita MC-980 MA for body composition analyse. Results: Mean height of participants was 170.2 ± 8.3 cm, and mean weight 65 ± 11.8 kg. Mean BMI was 22.1 ± 2.7 and mean fat free mass (FFM) was 50.1 ± 10.5 kg. The mean FAT% (fat mass) was 22.9 [SD ± 7.6]. BMR, FFM, trunk muscle mass, left arm muscle mass and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth (all P for trend < 0.05). Mean compression depth[mm] was 49.7 ± 8.4 (for female 48.7 ± 7.9, for male 42.4 ± 9.5; p = 0.144). Compression rate for males and females was the same 114 x/min (p = 0.769). Conclusions: In our study, basal metabolic rate, fat free mass, trunk muscle mass, left and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth. Moreover an arm muscle mass rise of 1 kg causes a rise of compression depth parameter of 7.3 mm, while when CC was performed by female causes a fall of compression depth of 3.3 mm. Background and aim: Recent American Heart Association Guidelines from 2010 and 2015 year stressed the importance of high quality chest compression and define standards for compression rate, depth, recoil and maximal acceptable time for interruptions. High - quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the „cornerstone” of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation Methods: 100 medical students were enrolled to the study. Study participants after Basic Life Support Course according to American Heart Association 2015 guidelines performed 2-min cardiopulmonary resuscitation on Resusci Anne® QCPR Manikin. The following data were collected: age, sex, health status. The study made use of a Tanita MC-980 MA for body composition analyse. Results: Mean height of participants was 170.2 ± 8.3 cm, and mean weight 65 ± 11.8 kg. Mean BMI was 22.1 ± 2.7 and mean fat free mass (FFM) was 50.1 ± 10.5 kg. The mean FAT% (fat mass) was 22.9 [SD ± 7.6]. BMR, FFM, trunk muscle mass, left arm muscle mass and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth (all P for trend < 0.05). Mean compression depth[mm] was 49.7 ± 8.4 (for female 48.7 ± 7.9, for male 42.4 ± 9.5; p = 0.144). Compression rate for males and females was the same 114 x/min (p = 0.769). Conclusions: In our study, basal metabolic rate, fat free mass, trunk muscle mass, left and right arm muscle mass were positively correlated with compression depth. Moreover an arm muscle mass rise of 1 kg causes a rise of compression depth parameter of 7.3 mm, while when CC was performed by female causes a fall of compression depth of 3.3 mm.

Background: Drowning is a common issue at many pools, beaches and seas all over the world. Lifeguards often act as bystanders and therefore, adequate training in high-quality CPR and use of adequate equipment by lifeguards is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the recently introduced CPRMeter (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway) on quality of CPR, if used by moderately experienced CPR providers. In particular, we tested the hypothesis, that using the CPRMeter improves quality of chest compression by lifeguards compared to standard non-feedback CPR. Methods: Study was designed as prospective, randomized, cross-over manikin trial. 50 lifeguards of the Volunteer Water Rescue Service (WOPR), a polish nationwide association specialized in water rescue, have been participating in this study. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to one out of two groups: Feedback Group, and Non-feedback Group. Participants swim a distance of 25 meter in the pool, then they were asked to haul a manikin for the second 25 meter, simulating rescuing a drowning victim. Once participants finished the second 25-meter distance, participants were asked to initiate 2-min basic life support according to the randomization. Results: The median QCPR score for the 2 minutes CPR session without feedback was 69 (33-77) compared to 84 (55-93) in the feedback group (p 0.001). Compression score, mean depth, rate of adequate chest compressions/min, and overall mean rate during the CPR session improved significantly in the feedback group, compared to the non-feedback group. Conclusions: Using the visual real-time feedback device significantly improved quality of CPR in our relatively unexperienced CPR providers. Better quality of bystander CPR is essential for clinical outcomes, and therefore feedback devices should be considered. Further clinical studies are indicated to assess the effect of real-time visual devices, especially in bystander-CPR. Background: Drowning is a common issue at many pools, beaches and seas all over the world. Lifeguards often act as bystanders and therefore, adequate training in high-quality CPR and use of adequate equipment by lifeguards is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the recently introduced CPRMeter (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway) on quality of CPR, if used by moderately experienced CPR providers. In particular, we tested the hypothesis, that using the CPRMeter improves quality of chest compression by lifeguards compared to standard non-feedback CPR. Methods: Study was designed as prospective, randomized, cross-over manikin trial. 50 lifeguards of the Volunteer Water Rescue Service (WOPR), a polish nationwide association specialized in water rescue, have been participating in this study. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to one out of two groups: Feedback Group, and Non-feedback Group. Participants swim a distance of 25 meter in the pool, then they were asked to haul a manikin for the second 25 meter, simulating rescuing a drowning victim. Once participants finished the second 25-meter distance, participants were asked to initiate 2-min basic life support according to the randomization. Results: The median QCPR score for the 2 minutes CPR session without feedback was 69 (33-77) compared to 84 (55-93) in the feedback group (p 0.001). Compression score, mean depth, rate of adequate chest compressions/min, and overall mean rate during the CPR session improved significantly in the feedback group, compared to the non-feedback group. Conclusions: Using the visual real-time feedback device significantly improved quality of CPR in our relatively unexperienced CPR providers. Better quality of bystander CPR is essential for clinical outcomes, and therefore feedback devices should be considered. Further clinical studies are indicated to assess the effect of real-time visual devices, especially in bystander-CPR.