Significant levels of residual stress are developed in the production of thick-section steel welds. Residual stress can be measured by a variety of methods, although few offer the ability to determine the spatial distribution completely through the thickness. This paper summarizes recent developments in the deep-hole method for measuring residual stresses in thick-section welds. Experimental results obtained from a variety of welded steel components are described. The measurement method has also been used to provide validation for finite element simulations of residual stresses in a welded cylinder-to-nozzle stainless steel component. The paper describes the finite element weld analysis and compares the results with measurements obtained from several locations in the complex geometry. Overall, there is good agreement between the predicted and measured distributions of residual stress, but the magnitudes of predicted stress tend to be greater.

We propose a second gradient, two-solids, continuum mixture model with variable masses to describe the effect of micro-structure on mechanically-driven remodelling of bones grafted with bio-resorbable materials. A one-dimensional numerical simulation is addressed showing the potentialities of the proposed generalized continuum model. In particular, we show that the used second gradient model allows for the description of some micro-structure-related size effects which are known to be important in hierarchically heterogeneous materials like reconstructed bones. Moreover, the influence of the introduced second gradient parameters on the final percentages of replacement of artificial bio-material with natural bone tissue is presented and discussed.

Previously the deep-hole method was developed to measure residual stresses in thick-section engineering components. In this paper it is demonstrated that stresses arising from external applied loading can also be measured. A series of calibration studies using aluminium and steel samples, with thicknesses varying from 5 to 50 mm, are presented. The samples were subjected to tensions, bending and torsion. It is shown that the deep-hole method can measure linear and non-linear stress distributions.