The field of dental medicine is constantly evolving and advancing toward minimally invasive techniques. Several studies have demonstrated that bonding to the tooth structure, particularly enamel, yields the most predictable results. In some instances, however, significant tooth loss, pulpal necrosis, or irreversible pulpitis may limit the options available to the restorative dentist. In these cases, placement of a post and core followed by a crown is the preferred treatment option, provided all requirements are met. This literature review provides an overview of the historical development of dental FRC post systems as well as a comprehensive examination of the currently available posts and their bonding requirements. In addition, it offers valuable insights for dental professionals seeking to understand the current state of the field and the prospects of dental FRC post systems.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of an experimental self-healing dental composite model (SHDC) composed of SiO₂ nanoparticles with varying percentages of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomer and N,N-dihydroxyethyl-p-toluidine (DHEPT) amine microcapsules. Materials and methods: Microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerisation of PUF shells, as explained in our previous work. The model SHDC included bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA:TEGDMA) (1:1), 1 wt% phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO), 0.5 wt% benzoyl peroxide (BPO) catalyst, 20 wt% silanised silica dioxide (SiO₂) (15 nm) and (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt%) of microcapsules (120 ± 45 μm). Light transmission, hardness, degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength and elastic modulus of the SHDC model were measured. Results: The degree of conversion of the SHDC ranged from 73 to 76% 24 h after polymerisation. Hardness measurements ranged from 22 to 26 VHN (p > 0.05); however, the flexural strength was adversely affected from 80 to 55 MPa with increasing microcapsules of up to 10 wt% in the composites (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Only flexural strength decreased drastically ~30% with increasing microcapsules (>10 wt%) in the composites. All other measured properties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, we recommend a stronger composite material that could be created by increasing the filler content distribution in order to achieve a hybrid self-healing composite with enhanced mechanical properties.

The purpose of the review was to assess the influence of office and home bleaching on the color durability after staining of resin-based composites (RCs) for direct restorations. A web-based search for possibly relevant scientific papers in the English language between January 2013 and August 2022 was conducted in the databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. In-vitro studies that explored the influence of in-office and other bleaching treatments on the discolored RC for direct restorations in extracted human teeth were included. Case studies, case series, animal studies, systematic reviews, and letters to the editor were not considered. A total of 212 articles from a web-based search and 32 studies from a manual search were retrieved. After removal of duplicate records, 181 titles and abstracts were reviewed for eligibility; 92 were chosen for full-text analysis, and nine in-vitro studies matched the inclusion criteria. The two examiners examined the methodological quality of the selected studies independently based on the study design, methodological soundness, and data analysis. Distinct values were assigned to studies evaluating color variations of stained RC subjected to bleaching agents. The methodological quality scores were expressed as a percentage of the highest possible score based on the established scoring system and categorized as indicating a low, moderate, and high level of evidence. The reversal of color alterations following home and office bleaching was found to be dependent on the RC used. Within the limitations of the in-vitro investigations, it was deduced that the bleaching agents were successful in eliminating stains and improving the durability of the color to near baseline values.

Introduction: Discoloration of endodontically treated teeth is an aesthetic concern. The primary causes include persistent pulpal tissue breakdown and the use of various irrigants. This study compared the effects of different endodontic irrigants on tooth color stability over time. Materials and Methods: Eighty single-rooted human central incisors were allocated into eight groups ( G ): G1, G2, G3, G6, and G7 used sodium hypochlorite and silver-based compounds; G4 received Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); G5 received combined PDT and NaOCl; and G8 was treated with 0.9% normal saline. Tooth shade was assessed at baseline (T0), after 1 (T1), 7 (T2), 14 (T3), and 28 days (T4) using a spectrophotometer. Results: At T1, G5 showed the least color change (ΔE), while G2 had the most ( p <0.05). By T2, G1 had lower ΔE values than G3 and G7 ( p <0.05). At T3, G5 showed the least ΔE changes compared to G2, G3, G6, and G7 ( p <0.05). Conversely, G7 had the highest ΔE compared to G1 and G4 ( p <0.05). At T4, G7, G6, G2, and G3 exhibited higher ΔE than G5, G4, G1, and G8 ( p <0.05). Discussion: Silver-based irrigants caused significant darkening due to silver deposits in dentinal tubules and silver-protein precipitates. Sodium hypochlorite caused fewer changes due to its crystallization potential. Photodynamic therapy led to color changes above clinical thresholds, but its combination with NaOCl reduced discoloration to imperceptible levels. Silver-based irrigants should be used cautiously in anterior teeth due to their high staining potential. Conclusion: Root canal irrigants induced varying degrees of tooth color changes. Among them, silver fluoride caused the most significant early darkening, while the combination of photodynamic therapy with sodium hypochlorite resulted in minimal darkening over time.