Street lighting is a significant component of safe driving during the afternoon and nighttime when sunlight is unavailable, as it enhances drivers’ visibility of the road, other vehicles, and surrounding areas. Lately, the integration of solar panels as the primary power source for streetlights has emerged as a promising, environmentally sustainable alternative for reducing energy consumption. However, because solar energy output is strongly affected by environmental conditions, a real-time monitoring system is essential for ensuring effective operation. This study presents the design of a monitoring system for solar-powered street lighting that integrates sensors to measure temperature, humidity, sunlight intensity, the voltage and current of solar panels, batteries, and lamps, from which the power output of each component is calculated. The measured data are displayed locally on a Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and simultaneously transmitted to a cloud for remote access through a web interface. Performance evaluations confirm the system’s accuracy, with average measurement errors of 1.7% for temperature and humidity, 0.8% for voltage, and 1.5% for current. These results demonstrate that the system provides reliable real-time monitoring, thereby enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and maintainability of solar-powered street lighting systems.

Currently, energy diversification is needed to overcome the limitations of fossil energy as a fuel for electricity generation. In Indonesia, one source of renewable energy that has great potential is wind energy. Wind energy conversion system is an environmentally friendly electricity generator with unlimited availability. However, the electrical energy produced depends on the fluctuating wind speed so that it produces a fluctuating voltage. Variable speed wind turbine is one of the most widely used wind turbine types because it has better efficiency but requires control to overcome the fluctuations in the voltage generated. This paper presents voltage control on a prototype variable speed wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and buck converter. The output voltage generated by the PMSG will be rectified by a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier. Voltage control is done through the duty cycle settings on the buck converter that is connected to the battery for energy storage. PID controller is used to set the duty cycle of PWM pulses with a switching frequency of 31.5 kHz. The Propotional Integrator Differensiator (PID) controller is embedded in the microcontroller. Based on the test results, the resulting output voltage can be held constant at 14V by providing variations in wind speed changes which are simulated through PMSG speed changes. Transient responses with the fastest settling time of 1.2 s were obtained with the PID controller parameter values Kp = 0.6, Ki = 0.15 and Kd = 0.6.

This article discusses the water level control of the tank using PID control which is implemented on PLC (Programmable Logic Control) with HMI interface. This plant system consists of a controlled tank, a sup-ply tank, a water level sensor, a water faucet in the form of a motorized valve, PLC and HMI. In previous studies, the plant system used usually only has a controlled tank without a supply tank so that the control of the system becomes simpler. However, in this study a supply tank was also used so that the flow of water flowing in controlling the water level would depend on the water level of the supply tank and the opening of the water faucet. This plant system with a tank that has an open outlet pipe is a classic system that is non-linear so linearization is needed in its control. In order for the system to be linearized, it is assumed that both the supply tank and the controlled tank only operate within a certain value range. The realiza-tion of a water level control system using a PID controller was made and tested for its effectiveness at the setpoint values of 10 cm and 20 cm. Based on the simulation and experimental results, it was found that the system worked well where the PID control was able to stabilize the system at both setpoint values where the obtained overshoot were below 10%.

— The process of processing household waste into biogas is carried out using fermentation technology. Fermentation technology is the process of decomposition of organic compounds to produce energy and changes in the substrate become new products by microbes. In addition, the fermentation technique that has been done by fermenting household waste produces methane gas content (CH?). To process household waste into biogas is to use biodigester. Biogester is a closed space that is used for the waste fermentation process which is assisted by microbes. Using a biodigester is expected to accelerate the fermentation process of household waste into alternative biogas materials because of the airtight biodigester state. A temperature and pressure data logger tool is designed on smart biogas household waste using the MPX5500DP sensor. The MPX5500DP sensor will detect the amount of gas pressure from the biogas results because the range of readings from this sensor is in accordance with what is needed, while the DHT22 sensor uses a large temperature reading because the temperature in the biodigester is not too large between 28?C - 40?C. From the results of reading the temperature and pressure values, the data will be processed by the Arduino Uno Microcontroller and stored data by the data logger. Based on the test results, the temperature measurement error readings of 0.81%, while for the pressure measurement of about 3.5%.

Loss of synchronization causes a generator not in steady state condition, causing system instability. In this paper, Nyquist method is used to determine the transient stability of a synchronous generator using the Nyquist curve. The system is unstable if the G(jω) curve is further away from the point -1 + j0, while the gain margin value is below 6 dB and the phase margin has a value below 30°. The response of the system shows that the rotor angle oscillation on the generator is not synchronous, while the power angle experiences irregular transients so that the power angle increases until it cannot return to its steady state position. By using the Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC) filter, the rotor angle oscillation response after 0.1 seconds begins to stabilize at an angle of 50°. The effect of the SSSC filter also affects the bus voltage oscillations from 0.15 seconds to 0.05 seconds and the real power oscillations from 0.13 seconds to 0.06 seconds.

Implementation of photovoltaic systems encounters problems, particularly concerning Partial Shading Conditions (PSC), solar irradiance, and temperature, which influence the generated output power. The PSC can diminish the power efficiency of the photovoltaic system. Consequently, a controller is required to optimize the photovoltaic system’s power output by considering the power supply characteristics. This paper discusses optimal power control in photovoltaic system under PSC. The proposed method employs a Modified Perturb and Observe (MP&O) algorithm based on the observation of current and voltage output from the photovoltaic system. The MP&O algorithm is integrated into a microcontroller and will provide PWM signals to operate the synchronous buck converter. Testing was performed under PSC. The experimental results indicated that the synchronous buck converter achieved a performance efficiency of 85%. The efficacy of the MP&O algorithm was evaluated without the MPPT method and conventional P&O algorithm. The MP&O algorithm outperformed compared to without MPPT method and conventional P&O algorithm. The MP&O algorithm yielded more consistent output power and necessitated a quicker tracking duration. The proposed method achieves an average output power efficiency of 84%; in contrast, without the MPPT method, it only reached 57%, and with the conventional P&O algorithm, it attains an efficiency of just 70%.