OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Bangladesh. DESIGN: Weighted cluster sampling among smear-positive cases, and standard culture and drug susceptibility testing on solid medium were used. RESULTS: Of 1480 patients enrolled during 2011, 12 falsified multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients were excluded. Analysis included 1340 cases (90.5% of those enrolled) with valid results and known treatment antecedents. Of 1049 new cases, 12.3% (95%CI 9.3–16.1) had strains resistant to any of the first-line drugs tested, and 1.4% (95%CI 0.7–2.5) were MDR-TB. Among the 291 previously treated cases, this was respectively 43.2% (95%CI 37.1–49.5) and 28.5% (95%CI 23.5–34.1). History of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment was the only predictive factor for first-line drug resistance (OR 34.9). Among the MDR-TB patients, 19.2% (95%CI 11.3–30.5; exclusively previously treated) also showed resistance to ofloxacin. Resistance to kanamycin was not detected. CONCLUSION: Although MDR-TB prevalence was relatively low, transmission of MDR-TB may be increasing in Bangladesh. MDR-TB with fluoroquinolone resistance is rapidly rising. Integrating the private sector should be made high priority given the excessive proportion of MDR-TB retreatment cases in large cities. TB control programmes and donors should avoid applying undue pressure towards meeting global targets, which can lead to corruption of data even in national surveys.

Camouflage textile assessments are limited in defense research for single and multidimensional combat background (CB) against hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The development of camouflage textiles needs to be upgraded for the capabilities of modern battlefield surveillance. The purpose of this simulation work is to design remote sensing methodology and desired spectral properties of camouflage textiles. A spectral signal (SL) of camouflage textile was hypothetically simulated against dry leaves, green leaves, tree bark-woodland, water-marine, sand-desertland, stone-stoneland, snow-snowland, sky and ice-iceland CB (DGTWSIB), and a simultaneous CB of woodland-marine and marine-desert for camouflage textiles assessment. This simulation is to establish SL assessment technique of object-background (OB) in ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) illumination in terms of HSI spectrometry, near infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIRS) for the advancement and establishment of camouflage textiles assessment. The broad geographical DGTWSIB of camouflage textiles has been contemplated for spectral reflection in OB environments for concealment, detection, recognition, and identification (CDRI). Theoretical simulation of SL has been derived for assessment of camouflage textiles compared with single, simultaneous, and adaptive backgrounds from military CB or locations. The hypothetical and methodological model will direct advanced formulation of camouflage textile measurement for combat mechanism of reflection-SL-CDRI-OB-DGTWSIB-UV-Vis-IR (100–10,000 nm) against defense threat of HSI.

Woodland combat background (CB) is a common source of natural plant based natural dyes (NPND). Swietenia Macrophylla, Mangifera Indica, Terminalia Arjuna, Corchorus Capsularis, Camellia Sinensis, Azadirachta Indica, Acacia Acuminata, Areca Catechu and Cinnamomum Tamala were dried-grinded-powdered-extracted-polyaziridine encapsulated-dyed-coated-printed with leafy design on cotton fabric and tested against woodland CB under the reflection engineering of ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis)–near infrared (NIR) spectrums and photographic versus chromatic techniques of Vis imaging. The reflection properties of NPND treated and untreated cotton fabric were experimented by UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer from 220 to 1400 nm. Six segments of field trialling for NPND treated woodland camouflage textiles were also investigated for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against forest plants/herbs species; common tree of woodland CB such as Shorea Robusta Gaertn, Bamboo Vulgaris, Musa Acuminata; and a wooden bridge made by Eucalyptus Citriodora & Bamboo Vulgaris. The imaging properties such as CIE L*, a*, b* and RGB (red, green, blue) of NPND treated cotton-garments were captured by digital camera from 400 to 700 nm against tree stem/bark, dry leaves, green leaves and dry wood of woodland CB. Therefore, a colorful matching for concealment, detection, recognition and identification of target signature against woodland CB was verified by Vis camera imaging and UV–Vis–NIR reflection mechanism. UV-protection property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated cotton fabric was also investigated by diffuse reflection for defence clothing. Simultaneous ‘camouflage textiles in UV–Vis–NIR’ and ‘UV-protective’ property of Swietenia Macrophylla treated fabric have been investigated for NPND materials-based textiles coloration (dyeing-coating-printing) which is a new concept for camouflage formulation of NPND dyed-NPND mordanted-NPND coated-NPND printed textiles in terms of ecofriendly source of woodland camouflage materials. Therefore, technical properties of NPND materials and methodologies of camouflage textile assessment have been advanced in addition to coloration philosophy of natural dyed-coated-printed textiles.

Aluminium powder (AP) formulated polyamide 6, 6 (PA 6, 6), cotton fabric and hollow tubular polyester beg (HTPB) were experimented for spectral, chromatic and imaging principle of woodland and desertland camouflage textiles in visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) spectrum under three-dimensional background illumination of ultraviolet (UV)-Vis-IR for concealment and detection of target signature, AP formulated fabric practiced by defense professional. Cotton and polyamide 6, 6 fabric, HTPB were coated and padded with AP powder formulated polyurethane (PU) based binder. Reflection profile of woodland combat background (CB) and coated-padded textiles have been depicted in terms of multidimensional illumination properties of Vis imaging such as chromatic intensity, spectral reflection, Kubelka-Munk (K-M) reflectance, color rendering and photonic response. A symmetrical chromatic value (L*, a*, b*) of AP coated fabric has been portrayed for concealment of target signature against woodland CB. Spectral reflection, chromatic illumination, K-M reflectance and scanning electron microscopy have also been critically confirmed five-time durability of color fastness to wash, tested by AATCC method 61-2013. HTPB-phase change material (PCM) formulation has been found temperature controllable effect of target object (TOB) in terms of heat energy at limited temperature, 30°C. Heat energy versus target concealment of IR imaging principle can be implemented for high-performance camouflage textiles design. The reflection profile of AP coated fabric can be applied for multidimensional camouflage coloration/patterning/HTPB-PCM based IR camouflage technology and direct applications of defence pavilion/tents/clothing against woodland/desertland CB. Therefore, the key phenomenon of this article has been focused on remote sensing properties of eucalyptus tree, scientific name, Eucalyptus Mannifera, a common CB of woodland and AP formulated fabric for defence application against woodland and desertland CB in terms of concealment of defence surveillance under consideration of laboratory and field trialling of woodland and desertland camouflage textiles assessment in Vis-IR spectrum. Therefore, a standardised methodology of camouflage textiles assessment for CDRI has been established under a new technique with conformist machine and technology which may be a new contribution to carry out further research and development for the fighting protection in combat environment under maintaining a standardized sequence from laboratory trialling to field experimentation in a limited timeframe of research.

Chromatic and achromatic (AC) assessments of camouflage textiles have been critical to the defense researchers for concealment, detection, recognition, and identification (CDRI) of target signature against multidimensional combat background (CB). AC assessment and camouflage measurement techniques are simulated and experimented for assessment of camouflage textiles against CB. This model has been demonstrated for color measurement spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), digital imaging, hyperspectral imaging, and image processing software (ImageJ) for the advancement and establishment of AC camouflage textiles assessment. The chromatic variations of 48 artificial target objects (TOBs) have been synthesized by image processing; the technique can be implemented for defense CB-CDRI assessment. Microstructural variation versus optical signal of woodland, desertland and stoneland CB materials have been elucidated by SEM magnification. The achromatic variation of CB materials have been demonstrated for the replacement of optical signal against modern remote sensing device to the imaging sensor. Color difference (ΔE), microstructural variations, pixel variations to imaging signal and standard deviation of CB materials have been represented for remote sensing surveillance of defense applications against TOB-CB-CDRI. Technical simulation of color, texture, gloss, and pixel intensity has been derived for AC-CDRI assessment of camouflage textiles in TOBs-CB environment.

Present research on pollution free dyeing and mordanting is indicated as a creative innovation of textile coloration on cotton fabric in which natural dyes were extracted from Swietenia macrophylla (Mahogany leaf) and Musa acuminata (Green Banana Pill) as an unpolluted dyes and Citrus. limon (L.) juice was applied as an unpolluted natural mordanting agent. There is no synthetic chemical was used during the whole progression in dyes extraction process and dyeing method. Both the treated and untreated fabric samples were tested for their dyeing performance in terms of color strength, K/S value and color fastness properties like color fastness to washing, rubbing and light. Higher K/S value of lemon mordanted sample was investigated by analysis of spectrophotometer for both dyeing with mahogany and green banana pill. Color fastness to washing and rubbing had been found moderately good for both dyeing with mahogany leaves and green banana pill with lemon mordanting. Moderately good color fastness to light had been found for dyeing with only mahogany leaves and green banana pill but improved light fastness was found for green banana pill with lemon mordanting. As per visual appearance, dyed fabric with green banana pill and lemon mordanting was found very even distribution of color on the surface of cotton fabric. An exceptionally attractive soft hand fell and color shading outcome was observed for dyeing with green banana pill comparing to mahogany leaves without having any additional application of synthetic softner which is the demand of both local and foreign customers in clothing industries.