Functionally graded materials are special class of composites in which different materials are graded based on applications desired. Depending upon the gradation variation, whether continuous or discrete, the manufacturing processes are categorized. Powder metallurgy process is a means to fabricate discrete variation of material, which allows giving any kind of gradation like linear, hyperbolic, exponential etc. The objective of this review is to give an overview of different material combination fabricated using solid-state processes and their associated parameters like compaction load and sintering temperature in P/M process; and sintering temperature, pressure and dwelling time in case of spark plasma sintering (SPS). With SPS process, high relative density is reached in very less time. The setting of processing parameters is imperative to obtain desired properties and defect free product, which is different for different material combination. Material combination along with their applications is given which will help readers to identify material of their choice, based on their functional requirement. Mostly literatures pertains to metal-ceramic graded material combinations fabricated using P/M is available and their result shows improved mechanical properties such as hardness, flexural strength, electrical conductivity, toughness and tribological benefits compared to materials in pure form.

Performance analysis of the rectangular annular fins made of functionally graded material subjected to rotation is reported in the present work. The governing differential equation for the fins has been derived to study the temperature distribution of the fins with insulated tip. A parametric study is then carried out by varying grading parameters along with the parameter of dimensionless rotational speed of the shaft in the governing equation to investigate the effect of on fin performance. The results are presented in graphical form. The formulation is validated with benchmark results and good agreement is observed.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the free vibration of a radially graded Ni-Al2O3-based functionally graded (FG) disk with uniform thickness.Design/methodology/approach: Using the energy method, natural frequencies of rotating and non-rotating disks were determined at the limit elastic angular speed. Material properties were estimated using a modified rule of mixture. Both even and uneven porosity variation effects were considered in the material modeling. Finite element analysis validated the analytical approach.Findings: The study explored limit angular speeds and natural frequencies across various grading indices, investigating the impact of porosity types and grading indices on these parameters.Practical implications: Insights from this research are valuable for researchers and design engineers involved in modeling and fabricating porous FG disks, aiding in more effective design and manufacturing processes.Originality/value: This study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive analysis of free vibration behavior in radially graded Ni-Al2O3-based FG disks. The incorporation of material modeling considering both even and uneven porosity variation adds originality to the research. Additionally, the validation through finite element analysis enhances the credibility of the findings.

Based on Variational principle, the limit elastic angular speed of rotating disk made of functionally graded material is reported. Assuming a series approximation following Galerkin's principle, the solution of the governing equation is obtained based upon von Mises failure criterion. The elasticity modulus, density and yield stress are assumed to vary according to power law with grading index in the range of -3.0 to 3.0. At grading index, n = 0.0, the disk assumes isotropic material behavior. The investigation reports the variation of limit elastic speed with grading parameter for a different ratio aspect of the annular disk and establishes the existence of optimum grading index at each ratio aspect. The location of yield initiation is also reported in each case and is observed to play a significant role in optimizing limit elastic speed. Further, the displacement, strain and stress states of the disks at limit elastic speed is also reported. The results are validated with benchmarks for the appropriate system parameter values. Due to Variational nature of the solution and ease of handling the non-linear failure criterion, the solution methodology is observed to be stable, simple and robust.