In order to overcome the challenges of low permeate flux (J_p) and the accompanying reverse solute flux (J_S) during the forward osmosis (FO) membrane separation process, we synthesized four hybrid materials of polyacid-based organic compounds and incorporated them into the selective polyamide (PA) layer to make novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) FO membranes. The J_p and J_S of each membrane were evaluated and used along with membrane selectivity (J_p/J_S) as indicators of membrane separation performance. The fabricated and modified membranes were also characterized for ridge and valley surface morphologies with increasing hydrophilicity and finger-shaped parallel channels in the PSf substrate. Moreover, two highly hydrophilic nanoparticles of graphene oxide (GO) and titanium oxide (TiO₂) were introduced with the hybrid materials for PA modification, which can further enhance the J_p of the TFN membranes. The highest J_p of the TFN membranes achieved 12.1 L/m²-h using 0.1% curcumin-acetoguanamine @ cerium polyacid (CATCP) and 0.0175% GO. The characteristic peaks of the hybrid materials were detected on the membrane surface using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, evidencing successful incorporation of the hybrid materials during membrane modification. Here, we present the novel TFN membranes using hybrid materials for separation applications. The reactions for synthesizing the hybrid materials and for incorporating them with PA layer are proposed.

The complex was prepared with preyssler polyoxoanion and transition metal (Mo), a cationic surfactant as a connector. It has tuneable physical and chemical potential which has been exploited to study novel properties. A new technique of shock wave impulses is also used on the Mo-PHP complex. Extensive use of cationic surfactants could impact accumulation in the environment set off the surfacing of bacterial resistance. Due to the electrostatic binding to bacterial surface, the hydrophobic parts of cationic surfactants tend to penetrate bacterial cell walls and may cause membrane lysis and bacteria death. The surfactant-supported and direct release of metal ions from P5W29Mo against bacterial resistance has been explained schematically. The dielectric study helps to understand the dissociation of cations that generate polarons and the hopping mechanism with neighbouring vacant atomic sites. Structural analysis confirms the formation of cationic surfactant incorporated polyoxoanion (Mo-PHP). A hexagonal shape-like structure for the PHP complex has been observed. The Mo-incorporated PHP complex was characterized using UV-visible (UV), Fourier Transforminfrared (IR), Raman spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.

Transition metals (Mn, V) based oxo-anions (hybrid materials) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, UV-visible and infrared spectral analysis. Metal-based polyoxo anion (POM) hybrid materials reflect stronger antioxidant potential as indicated by their higher DPPH scavenging activity. The synthesized POM compounds also exhibit enhanced bacterial activity of 21 ± 2 and 17 ± 3 µg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), respectively. The efficacy of the synthesized hybrid materials can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the cations and oxo-anions, which lead to more potent derivatives with a broader spectrum of antibacterial activity.