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Ming-Hsun Cheng
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

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Research article
Published: 04 July 2021 in Cereal Chemistry
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Background and objectives This study demonstrates ethanol production using a new yeast strain called eBOOST™ GT, that can self-produce glucoamylase and reduce glycerol production. The advanced yeast’s potential with added glucoamylase expression was investigated by observing and comparing its final ethanol and glycerol concentration against granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme (GSHE) catalyzed Ethanol Red fermentation. Findings The ethanol concentration in advanced yeast fermentation with self-produced glucoamylase was measured at 10.03% v/v, which is 40% less than GSHE catalyzed Ethanol Red fermentation. However, upon externally providing additional glucoamylase (at 50% of the recommended dosage), eBOOST™ GT was able to produce similar ethanol concentration, compared to Ethanol Red fermentation catalyzed with GSHE enzyme. Furthermore, in this scenario, the glycerol concentration at the end of fermentation was 31% less than observed concentrations in operating with only self-produced glucoamylase and 72% less than conventional GSHE fermentation. Conclusions The newly engineered yeast strain proves its capability to meet GSHE catalyzed ethanol yield at reduced enzyme consumption, and therefore, reduction in enzyme costs. The rate of substrate consumption and process economics are areas of future research for eBOOST™ GT ethanol fermentation. Significance and novelty This study provides important information on enzyme reduction and ethanol production, while using a self-enzyme producing yeast.

ACS Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Gitanshu Bhatia; Mickel Jansen; Rahul Basu; Vijay Singh. Performance of glucoamylase self‐producing eBOOST™ GT yeast on ethanol production. Cereal Chemistry 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan, Gitanshu Bhatia, Mickel Jansen, Rahul Basu, Vijay Singh. Performance of glucoamylase self‐producing eBOOST™ GT yeast on ethanol production. Cereal Chemistry. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Gitanshu Bhatia; Mickel Jansen; Rahul Basu; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Performance of glucoamylase self‐producing eBOOST™ GT yeast on ethanol production." Cereal Chemistry , no. : 1.

Original research
Published: 01 July 2021 in GCB Bioenergy
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High feedstock cost and low oil yields per unit of land from temperate oilseed crops limit the growth of commercial-scale biodiesel production. Recently, highly productive crops, such as sugarcane and energycane, have been engineered to accumulate triacylglycerides (TAGs) that allow the production of far more industrial vegetable oil than previously possible. A proof-of-concept suggests that biodiesel production from engineered energycane will be possible. However, before making efforts for scale-up, it is critical to understand the commercial feasibility and economic competitiveness of this process. This study performs techno-economic analysis of a unique biorefinery processing energycane to co-produce biodiesel and ethanol. Comprehensive process simulation models were developed for two scenarios: (i) biodiesel from TAGs and ethanol from fermentation of sugars in juice and (ii) biodiesel from TAGs and ethanol from fermentation of sugars in juice and hydrolysis of carbohydrates in bagasse. Based on the target levels, the analysis was performed for energycane containing 0%, 5%, and 7.7% TAGs (d.b.). The biodiesel from engineered energycane was found economically viable and competitive to soybean biodiesel. Although the capital investment is higher compared to the soybean biodiesel plant, the biodiesel production costs ($0.66–$0.9/L) were lower than soybean biodiesel ($0.91/L). Biorefinery-scenario-1 processing energycane containing 7.7% TAG produces biodiesel with profitability (IRR 7.84) slightly lower than soybean biodiesel (IRR 8.3), but yields five times of biodiesel per unit land and is self-sustainable for energy requirements. The surplus electricity can displace fossil electricity and provide environmental benefits. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that biorefinery is profitable with a 29%–65% probability (NPV > 0) which is largely controlled by feedstock composition and biodiesel market price. It is important to note that energycane can be grown on the marginal rainfed lands in S.E. USA, where soybean would not be viable. Biodiesel from engineered energycane would therefore be complementary to soydiesel in the United States.

ACS Style

Deepak Kumar; Stephen P. Long; Amit Arora; Vijay Singh. Techno‐economic feasibility analysis of engineered energycane‐based biorefinery co‐producing biodiesel and ethanol. GCB Bioenergy 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Deepak Kumar, Stephen P. Long, Amit Arora, Vijay Singh. Techno‐economic feasibility analysis of engineered energycane‐based biorefinery co‐producing biodiesel and ethanol. GCB Bioenergy. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deepak Kumar; Stephen P. Long; Amit Arora; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Techno‐economic feasibility analysis of engineered energycane‐based biorefinery co‐producing biodiesel and ethanol." GCB Bioenergy , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 22 June 2021 in Journal of Cereal Science
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The United States is the largest global bioethanol producer and maize is the leading crop contributing towards it. Improvement in maize quality and yeast strains have enhanced ethanol production to a great extent. The high-titer ethanol production from maize biorefineries has enabled the maize biorefineries to meet the government set blending limits, which plateaued the demand for ethanol in the United States. On the other hand, growing industrial biotechnology with an emphasis on sustainability has accelerated demand for bio-based products. Therefore, the focus of maize biorefineries is now shifting on branching out the application of maize towards the bio-based markets. Recent scientific and technological advancements in the field of cellular agriculture, polymer development, and process engineering have diversified the usage of maize and inexpensive coproducts of maize biorefineries. The abundant fermentable sugars, vegetable oil, fiber, germ, and coproducts of maize fermentation have become the new platform compounds to produce next-generation high-value bio-based polymers, bulk and specialty chemicals along with biofuels and food. To meet this growing new demand, traditional maize biorefineries are evolving and positioning themselves in bio-based sustainable market sectors. This review analyzes the recent advancements in science and technologies leading to the emerging trends of maize biorefineries.

ACS Style

Shraddha Maitra; Vijay Singh. Invited review on ‘Maize in the 21st Century’ Emerging trends of maize biorefineries in the 21st century: scientific and technological advancements in biofuel and bio-sustainable market. Journal of Cereal Science 2021, 101, 103272 .

AMA Style

Shraddha Maitra, Vijay Singh. Invited review on ‘Maize in the 21st Century’ Emerging trends of maize biorefineries in the 21st century: scientific and technological advancements in biofuel and bio-sustainable market. Journal of Cereal Science. 2021; 101 ():103272.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shraddha Maitra; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Invited review on ‘Maize in the 21st Century’ Emerging trends of maize biorefineries in the 21st century: scientific and technological advancements in biofuel and bio-sustainable market." Journal of Cereal Science 101, no. : 103272.

Research article
Published: 14 June 2021 in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
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Glucose and xylose are the major sugars present in cellulosic hydrolysates. The cellulosic sugars can be used for the production of platform chemicals. In this study, productions of lipid and ethanol by yeasts were compared for concentrated bioenergy sorghum syrup. Bioenergy sorghum was hydrothermally pretreated at 50% w/w solids in a continuous industrial reactor and sequentially mechanically refined using a burr mill to improve biomass accessibility for hydrolysis. Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted with 50% w/v solids loading and cellulase cocktail (50 FPU/g biomass) to achieve 230 g/L sugar concentration. Various strains of Rhodosporidium toruloides were evaluated for converting sugars into lipids, and strain Y-6987 had the highest lipid titer (9.2 g/L). The lipid titer was improved to 19.0 g/L by implementing a two-stage culture scheme, where the first stage was optimized for yeast growth and the second for lipid production. For ethanol production, the engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae SR8ΔADH6 was utilized to coferment glucose and xylose. Ethanol fermentation was optimized for media nutrients (YP, YNB/urea, and urea), cellulosic sugar concentration, and sulfite conditioning to maximize the ethanol concentration from sorghum syrups. Fermentation of 70% v/v concentrated hydrolysate conditioned with sulfite produces 50.1 g/L ethanol from 141 g/L of sugars.

ACS Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng; Bruce Stuart Dien; Yong-Su Jin; Stephanie Thompson; Jonghyeok Shin; Patricia J. Watson Slininger; Nasib Qureshi; Vijay Singh. Conversion of High-Solids Hydrothermally Pretreated Bioenergy Sorghum to Lipids and Ethanol Using Yeast Cultures. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2021, 9, 8515 -8525.

AMA Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng, Bruce Stuart Dien, Yong-Su Jin, Stephanie Thompson, Jonghyeok Shin, Patricia J. Watson Slininger, Nasib Qureshi, Vijay Singh. Conversion of High-Solids Hydrothermally Pretreated Bioenergy Sorghum to Lipids and Ethanol Using Yeast Cultures. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2021; 9 (25):8515-8525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng; Bruce Stuart Dien; Yong-Su Jin; Stephanie Thompson; Jonghyeok Shin; Patricia J. Watson Slininger; Nasib Qureshi; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Conversion of High-Solids Hydrothermally Pretreated Bioenergy Sorghum to Lipids and Ethanol Using Yeast Cultures." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 25: 8515-8525.

Original article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
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The presence of free fatty acids interferes with the conversion of plant oils to biodiesel. Four strong and weak base resins were evaluated for the removal of free fatty acids (FFA) from oil. Amberlite FPA 51 showed the highest adsorption capacity of FFA. A resin concentration above 3% could enable a higher percentage FFA adsorption. The adsorption process fitted a pseudo-first-order kinetic model and achieved equilibrium in approximately 8 h. A full factorial design was used to optimize the resin and FFA concentrations at a fixed temperature (40 °C). A ratio of resin to fatty acid concentrations above 1.875 was sufficient for 70% adsorption and the amount adsorbed continued to increase with further added resin. A two-step washing of resin using hexane and ethanol recovered approximately 67.55% ± 4.05% of the initially added fatty acid. The resin that was used was regenerated with 5% NaOH and re-used for a minimum of three consecutive cycles. However, the adsorption capacity diminished to 75% of the initial cycle in cycles 2 and 3. Thus, the work presents a resin-based process for deacidification of oil to reduce fatty acid content of oil for biodiesel production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ACS Style

RamKrishna Singh; Bruce S Dien; Vijay Singh. Response surface methodology guided adsorption and recovery of free fatty acids from oil using resin. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

RamKrishna Singh, Bruce S Dien, Vijay Singh. Response surface methodology guided adsorption and recovery of free fatty acids from oil using resin. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

RamKrishna Singh; Bruce S Dien; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Response surface methodology guided adsorption and recovery of free fatty acids from oil using resin." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 13 May 2021 in Starch - Stärke
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Amylose lipid complexes (AMLs) are likely to form during liquefaction of ground corn in the dry grind process. AML would form under high temperature (≥ 85 °C) and excess water conditions, due to interaction of gelatinized starch with corn lipids. AMLs are resistant to α‐amylase action, resulting in a decrease in starch available for enzymatic hydrolysis. This affects sugar available for fermentation and the final ethanol yield. In this study, the effects of liquefaction temperature, corn particle size, slurry solids content and different commercial α‐amylases on AML formation were evaluated. AML content in post liquefaction solids (liquefact) was found to decrease from 3.46 to 1.00% as corn grind size was increased from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. Across all slurry solids contents tested (25, 32 and 34%), the mean of difference in AML content for all three solids contents is 0.61% when liquefaction temperature was increased to 105°C from 85°C. At 85°C, liquefact from all three α‐amylases used, had similar AML content. However, when liquefaction temperature was increased to 105°C, enzyme AA2 had lower AML production compared to other amylases. Overall, increasing liquefaction temperature to above 100 °C had the most predominant effect on reducing AML formation. Optimizing liquefaction parameters can help reduce AML formation and improve profitability of the dry grind ethanol process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Gitanshu Bhatia; Ankita Juneja; David Johnston; Kent Rausch; Mike E. Tumbleson; Vijay Singh. Characterization of Amylose Lipid Complexes and Their Effect on the Dry Grind Ethanol Process. Starch - Stärke 2021, 73, 2100069 .

AMA Style

Gitanshu Bhatia, Ankita Juneja, David Johnston, Kent Rausch, Mike E. Tumbleson, Vijay Singh. Characterization of Amylose Lipid Complexes and Their Effect on the Dry Grind Ethanol Process. Starch - Stärke. 2021; 73 (7-8):2100069.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gitanshu Bhatia; Ankita Juneja; David Johnston; Kent Rausch; Mike E. Tumbleson; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Characterization of Amylose Lipid Complexes and Their Effect on the Dry Grind Ethanol Process." Starch - Stärke 73, no. 7-8: 2100069.

Original research
Published: 05 May 2021 in GCB Bioenergy
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The bioenergy crops such as energycane, miscanthus, and sorghum are being genetically modified using state of the art synthetic biotechnology techniques to accumulate energy‐rich molecules such as triacylglycerides (TAGs) in their vegetative cells to enhance their utility for biofuel production. During the initial genetic developmental phase, many hundreds of transgenic phenotypes are produced. The efficiency of the production pipeline requires early and minimally destructive determination of oil content in individuals. Current screening methods require time‐intensive sample preparation and extraction with chemical solvents for each plant tissue. A rapid screen will also be needed for developing industrial extraction as these crops become available. In the present study, we have devised a proton relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) method for single‐step, non‐invasive, and chemical‐free characterization of in‐situ lipids in untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass. The systematic evaluation of NMR relaxation time distribution provided insight into the proton environment associated with the lipids in the biomass. It resolved two distinct lipid‐associated subpopulations of proton nuclei that characterize total in‐situ lipids into bound and free oil based on their “molecular tumbling” rate. The T1T2 correlation spectra also facilitated the resolution of the influence of various pretreatment procedures on the chemical composition of molecular and local 1H population in each sample. Furthermore, we show that hydrothermally pretreated biomass is suitable for direct NMR analysis unlike dilute acid and alkaline pretreated biomass which needs an additional step for neutralization.

ACS Style

Shraddha Maitra; Bruce Dien; Stephen P. Long; Vijay Singh. Development and validation of time‐domain 1 H‐NMR relaxometry correlation for high‐throughput phenotyping method for lipid contents of lignocellulosic feedstocks. GCB Bioenergy 2021, 13, 1179 -1190.

AMA Style

Shraddha Maitra, Bruce Dien, Stephen P. Long, Vijay Singh. Development and validation of time‐domain 1 H‐NMR relaxometry correlation for high‐throughput phenotyping method for lipid contents of lignocellulosic feedstocks. GCB Bioenergy. 2021; 13 (7):1179-1190.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shraddha Maitra; Bruce Dien; Stephen P. Long; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Development and validation of time‐domain 1 H‐NMR relaxometry correlation for high‐throughput phenotyping method for lipid contents of lignocellulosic feedstocks." GCB Bioenergy 13, no. 7: 1179-1190.

Modeling and analysis
Published: 31 March 2021 in Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
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The coproduction of high‐value anthocyanin extract in the cellulosic ethanol process would diversify the co‐product market, increase revenue, and potentially improve the economics of the process. The high anthocyanin concentration in the cob and structural carbohydrates in residual stover make purple corn stover an attractive source for anthocyanin and ethanol coproduction. This study aimed to develop simulation models for processes integrating ethanol production and anthocyanin extraction using purple corn stover, to evaluate their techno‐economic feasibility, and to compare their performance with the conventional ethanol production process using corn stover. The annual ethanol production for plants processing 2000 MT dry feedstock / day was 148.6 million L/year for the integrated processes compared with 222.6 million L/year for the conventional process. Anthocyanin production in the modified processes using dilute acid‐based and water‐based anthocyanin extraction processes was 1779 and 1099 MT/year, respectively. Capital investments for the integrated processes ($448.1 to $443.8 million) were higher than the conventional process ($371.9 million). Due to high revenue from anthocyanin extract, the ethanol production cost for the integrated process using acid‐based anthocyanin extraction ($0.36/L) was 34.5% lower than conventional ethanol production ($0.55/L). The ethanol production cost for the integrated process using water‐based anthocyanin extraction ($0.68/L) was higher than conventional ethanol production due to low ethanol and anthocyanin yields. The minimum ethanol selling price for the integrated process using acid‐based anthocyanin extraction ($0.65/L) was also lower than the conventional process ($0.72/L), indicating an improvement in economic performance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

ACS Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti; Deepak Kumar; Vijay Singh. Technical and economic feasibility of an integrated ethanol and anthocyanin coproduction process using purple corn stover. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2021, 15, 719 -735.

AMA Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti, Deepak Kumar, Vijay Singh. Technical and economic feasibility of an integrated ethanol and anthocyanin coproduction process using purple corn stover. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. 2021; 15 (3):719-735.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti; Deepak Kumar; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Technical and economic feasibility of an integrated ethanol and anthocyanin coproduction process using purple corn stover." Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 15, no. 3: 719-735.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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In this study, the economics of producing biofuels from an industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) genotype – 19m96136 was investigated. A lignocellulosic biofuel plant, hourly consuming 85 metric tons of hemp biomass was modeled in SuperPro Designer®. The integrated bioenergy plant produced hemp biodiesel and bioethanol from lipids and carbohydrates respectively. The structural composition of the industrial hemp plant was analyzed in a previous study. The data obtained was used to simulate feedstock composition in SuperPro Designer®. The simulation results indicated that Hemp containing 2% lipids can yield up to 3.95 million gallons of biodiesel annually. On improving biomass lipid content to 5 and 10%, biodiesel production increased to 9.88 and 19.91 million gallons, respectively. The breakeven unit production cost of hemp biodiesel with 2, 5, and 10% lipid containing hemp was $18.49, $7.87, and $4.13/gallon respectively. The biodiesel unit production cost when utilizing 10% lipid-containing hemp was comparable to soybean biodiesel at $4.13/gallon. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed the possibility of a 7.80% reduction in unit production cost upon a 10% reduction in hemp feedstock cost. Furthermore, industrial hemp was capable of producing between 307.80 and 325.82 gallons of total biofuels per hectare of agricultural land than soybean.

ACS Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Ming-Hsun Cheng; Tom Elmo Clemente; Ismail Dweikat; Vijay Singh. Economic perspective of ethanol and biodiesel coproduction from industrial hemp. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 299, 126875 .

AMA Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan, Ming-Hsun Cheng, Tom Elmo Clemente, Ismail Dweikat, Vijay Singh. Economic perspective of ethanol and biodiesel coproduction from industrial hemp. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 299 ():126875.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Ming-Hsun Cheng; Tom Elmo Clemente; Ismail Dweikat; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Economic perspective of ethanol and biodiesel coproduction from industrial hemp." Journal of Cleaner Production 299, no. : 126875.

Research article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Cereal Chemistry
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Background and objectives Soft endosperm corn has better wet milling characteristics but is susceptible to breakage and fracture during transport. The objective of this study is to compare the millability of commodity corn with different endosperm hardness originating from different parts of the world and its economic impact on importers of corn for wet milling. Findings US commodity corn generally has a soft endosperm hardness compared to corn from South America as the observed broken corn and foreign material was 0.4 to 3.4 % and higher than other commodity corn exported to the same country. US corn exported to different international markets showed 4 to 5 % higher starch yield compared to South American corn exported to the same market. This translates to an additional revenue of 6.5 to 9 million USD/year for a 100 MT/day wet mill plant. Conclusions The US commodity corn despite higher breakage, has superior millability and gives higher starch yields compared to corn from other geographies resulting in improved profitability of corn wet milling plants. Significance and novelty Commodity corn has varying endosperm hardness depending on geography of origin which impacts wet mill starch yield. Corn physical properties were used as an indicator for determining endosperm hardness.

ACS Style

Gitanshu Bhatia; Ankita Juneja; Sadia Bekal; Vijay Singh. Wet milling characteristics of export commodity corn originating from different international geographical locations. Cereal Chemistry 2021, 98, 794 -801.

AMA Style

Gitanshu Bhatia, Ankita Juneja, Sadia Bekal, Vijay Singh. Wet milling characteristics of export commodity corn originating from different international geographical locations. Cereal Chemistry. 2021; 98 (3):794-801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gitanshu Bhatia; Ankita Juneja; Sadia Bekal; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Wet milling characteristics of export commodity corn originating from different international geographical locations." Cereal Chemistry 98, no. 3: 794-801.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2021 in Food and Bioproducts Processing
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Yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn were evaluated using lab-scale conventional, enzymatic (E-milling) and intermittent milling and dynamic steeping (IMDS) processes. The application of proteolytic enzyme (E-milling) and sulfur dioxide (Conventional milling and IMDS process) during kernel hydration and their effects on overall starch yields from three corn types were studied. Despite using lower amount of SO2 (600 ppm) and shorter steeping duration (66.8%), E-milling yielded the highest amount of starch for yellow dent, high amylose and waxy corn (71.4%, 60.1% and 66.9% (db), respectively). The use of proteolytic enzyme during steeping resulted in 26.1% points higher starch yield for high amylose corn. In conventional wet milling process, the highest starch yields were obtained from yellow dent corn and the lowest from high amylose corn, the values being 70.1% and 46.2% (db), respectively. Similarly, highest starch yield (69.5%, db) was obtained from yellow dent corn from the IMDS process. Steepwater absorption for high amylose corn was on average 37.7% greater than the other two corn types for conventional process and 34.6% greater for the modified processes. Modified wet milling protocols with shorter steeping durations and requiring lesser amounts of SO2 can be used to efficiently process different corn mutants.

ACS Style

Pavel Somavat; Wei Liu; Vijay Singh. Wet milling characteristics of corn mutants using modified processes and improving starch yields from high amylose corn. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2021, 126, 104 -112.

AMA Style

Pavel Somavat, Wei Liu, Vijay Singh. Wet milling characteristics of corn mutants using modified processes and improving starch yields from high amylose corn. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 2021; 126 ():104-112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pavel Somavat; Wei Liu; Vijay Singh. 2021. "Wet milling characteristics of corn mutants using modified processes and improving starch yields from high amylose corn." Food and Bioproducts Processing 126, no. : 104-112.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass at high temperatures or with oxidizing chemicals generate various inhibitors that restrict the efficient bioconversion of sugars in subsequent steps. The present study systematically investigates individual and combinatorial effects of pretreatment parameters on the generation of inhibitors. A plot between pretreatment temperature and inhibitor revealed optimum pretreatment temperature for energycane bagasse i.e., 170 °C beyond which total inhibitor production increased exponentially. No inhibitor production was observed on mechanical processing i.e., disk milling/cryogenic grinding of biomass. Evaluation of response surface regression exhibited that biomass solids loading has a significant effect on inhibitor generation at higher temperatures. The concentrations of certain inhibitors such as acetic acid, furfurals, and HMF increased more than 3-folds on doubling the solids loading. Furthermore, a novel low-severity approach of low-temperature hydrothermal pretreatment coupled with cryogenic grinding for lignocellulosic biomasses has been introduced which improved sugar yields while maintaining a low inhibitor concentration.

ACS Style

Shraddha Maitra; Vijay Singh. Balancing sugar recovery and inhibitor generation during energycane processing: Coupling cryogenic grinding with hydrothermal pretreatment at low temperatures. Bioresource Technology 2020, 321, 124424 .

AMA Style

Shraddha Maitra, Vijay Singh. Balancing sugar recovery and inhibitor generation during energycane processing: Coupling cryogenic grinding with hydrothermal pretreatment at low temperatures. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 321 ():124424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shraddha Maitra; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Balancing sugar recovery and inhibitor generation during energycane processing: Coupling cryogenic grinding with hydrothermal pretreatment at low temperatures." Bioresource Technology 321, no. : 124424.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in Energies
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Vegetable oil is extracted from oil rich seeds, such as soybeans. Genetic engineering of green plants to accumulate oil in vegetative tissue is a future source of oil that promises increased land productivity and the use of marginal lands. However, the low concentration of lipids in current engineered plant biomass samples makes the oil extraction process challenging and expensive. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment was investigated to enhance oil recovery from the solids and increase enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of such feedstocks. Corn germ meal was chosen as a model feedstock representing lipid-producing energy crops. Germ meal was pretreated at 160 and 180 °C for 10 and 15 min at 20% w/w solids loading. Enzymatic hydrolysis on the pretreated solid was performed. After pretreatment, the oil concentration increased by 2.2 to 4.2 fold. The most severe pretreatment condition of LHW, at 180 °C for 15 min, gave the maximum oil concentration (9.7%, w/w), the highest triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the extracted oil (71.6%), and the highest conversions of glucose and xylose (99.0% and 32.8%, respectively). This study demonstrates that the optimal pretreatment condition for corn germ meal is 180 °C LHW for 15 min. Pretreatment improves lipids recovery from oil bearing biomass with little or no effect on the lipid profile.

ACS Style

Yuyao Jia; Deepak Kumar; Jill K. Winkler-Moser; Bruce Dien; Vijay Singh. Recoveries of Oil and Hydrolyzed Sugars from Corn Germ Meal by Hydrothermal Pretreatment: A Model Feedstock for Lipid-Producing Energy Crops. Energies 2020, 13, 6022 .

AMA Style

Yuyao Jia, Deepak Kumar, Jill K. Winkler-Moser, Bruce Dien, Vijay Singh. Recoveries of Oil and Hydrolyzed Sugars from Corn Germ Meal by Hydrothermal Pretreatment: A Model Feedstock for Lipid-Producing Energy Crops. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):6022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuyao Jia; Deepak Kumar; Jill K. Winkler-Moser; Bruce Dien; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Recoveries of Oil and Hydrolyzed Sugars from Corn Germ Meal by Hydrothermal Pretreatment: A Model Feedstock for Lipid-Producing Energy Crops." Energies 13, no. 22: 6022.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Energies
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Energy cane is an attractive lignocellulosic feedstock for processing into biofuels and bioproducts. A low-severity two-step hydrothermal pretreatment was investigated on energy cane for the production of monomeric sugar. Pretreatment temperature and time, in addition to the effect of disk milling, were observed for the glucose and xylose yields during hydrolysis. At residence times above 5 min in case of pretreatment at 200 °C, all of the hemicellulose was observed to be solubilized. The pretreatment condition of 200 °C for 10 min with disk milling was observed to provide the highest glucose concentration of 5.4%, and 200 °C for 5 min with disk milling provided the highest xylose concentration of 2.15%. The effect of disk milling in improving the sugar concentrations during hydrolysis was significant, especially at lower pretreatment temperatures and times. Low xylose yields at higher temperatures were attributed to the formation of degradation products at increased severity.

ACS Style

Ankita Juneja; Deepak Kumar; Vijay Singh; Yadvika; Vijay Singh. Chemical Free Two-Step Hydrothermal Pretreatment to Improve Sugar Yields from Energy Cane. Energies 2020, 13, 5805 .

AMA Style

Ankita Juneja, Deepak Kumar, Vijay Singh, Yadvika, Vijay Singh. Chemical Free Two-Step Hydrothermal Pretreatment to Improve Sugar Yields from Energy Cane. Energies. 2020; 13 (21):5805.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ankita Juneja; Deepak Kumar; Vijay Singh; Yadvika; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Chemical Free Two-Step Hydrothermal Pretreatment to Improve Sugar Yields from Energy Cane." Energies 13, no. 21: 5805.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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Two-stage pretreatment conditions were optimized to convert corn fiber, separated from whole stillage in a corn dry grind ethanol plant, to fermentable sugars via hydrolysis. Liquid hot water pretreatment (25% solids) at 180 °C for 10 min, followed by three cycles of disk milling, provided maximum glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields of 88.5%, 41.0%, and 30.4% respectively after hydrolysis with Cellulase I. The glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields with Cellulase II at optimum conditions were 94.9%, 74.2%, and 66.3%, respectively. SSF of corn fiber using engineered yeast, with both Cellulase I and II, provided maximum ethanol concentrations of 2.13% and 2.73% (v/v). The protein content in the residual solid after fermentation was 47.95% and 52.05% for Cellulase I and II, respectively. This technology provides additional ethanol in a dry grind plant by converting corn fiber into ethanol and increases the protein content of DDGS, thereby improving the quality.

ACS Style

Ankita Juneja; Bert Noordam; Herman Pel; Rahul Basu; Maaike Appeldoorn; Vijay Singh. Optimization of two-stage pretreatment for maximizing ethanol production in 1.5G technology. Bioresource Technology 2020, 320, 124380 .

AMA Style

Ankita Juneja, Bert Noordam, Herman Pel, Rahul Basu, Maaike Appeldoorn, Vijay Singh. Optimization of two-stage pretreatment for maximizing ethanol production in 1.5G technology. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 320 ():124380.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ankita Juneja; Bert Noordam; Herman Pel; Rahul Basu; Maaike Appeldoorn; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Optimization of two-stage pretreatment for maximizing ethanol production in 1.5G technology." Bioresource Technology 320, no. : 124380.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Industrial Crops and Products
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High anthocyanin concentration in the pericarp, and bioethanol coproduction from remaining fractions make purple corn an attractive source for anthocyanin extraction. Water-based anthocyanin recovery would provide ‘natural’ anthocyanin extract with diverse applications in food industry. However, low anthocyanin recovery with water-based extraction is not economically feasible on a commercial scale. The objective of this study was to investigate various approaches for increasing water-based anthocyanin recovery from purple corn and assessing techno-economic feasibility of these process options for commercial scale application. Anthocyanin recoveries of 48.6, 68.6, 77.9 and 66.8 % with single-stage, two-stage, three-stage, and two-stage countercurrent water-based extractions, respectively, from pericarp, were higher than recoveries (30.8 %) with process conditions used in previous studies. Single-stage extraction with corn flour had 46.1 % higher anthocyanin yield than single-stage extraction with pericarp due to low pericarp yields. Annual ethanol and anthocyanin yields for plants processing 1113 MT purple corn/day were between 35.2 and 36.3 million gal and 496 and 795 MT, respectively for processes modified for water-based anthocyanin extraction, compared to 42 million gal for the conventional process. Capital costs for modified processes ($97.4–101.4 million) were higher than the conventional process ($87.2 million). Due to the high value of anthocyanins, ethanol production costs for modified processes ($0.98 to 0.48/gal) were lower than the conventional process ($1.34/gal). Internal rate of return for modified technologies was 1.9–3.1 times that of the conventional process, indicating an improvement in economic performance. Anthocyanin extraction process with three-stage anthocyanin recovery had the highest profitability among the processes.

ACS Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti; Deepak Kumar; Kent D. Rausch; Mike E. Tumbleson; Vijay Singh. Improving technical and economic feasibility of water based anthocyanin recovery from purple corn using staged extraction approach. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 158, 112976 .

AMA Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti, Deepak Kumar, Kent D. Rausch, Mike E. Tumbleson, Vijay Singh. Improving technical and economic feasibility of water based anthocyanin recovery from purple corn using staged extraction approach. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 158 ():112976.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chinmay Kurambhatti; Deepak Kumar; Kent D. Rausch; Mike E. Tumbleson; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Improving technical and economic feasibility of water based anthocyanin recovery from purple corn using staged extraction approach." Industrial Crops and Products 158, no. : 112976.

Journal article
Published: 07 October 2020 in Applied Energy
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In this study, different process schemes were designed and evaluated for biodiesel production from engineered cane lipids with uncertain fatty acid compositions. Four different process schemes were compared under (i) thermal glycerolysis and (ii) enzymatic glycerolysis approaches. These schemes were based on the biodiesel yield and economic indicators such as the net present value (NPV) and the minimum selling price (MSP) of biodiesel. A scheme with polar lipid separation under thermal glycerolysis resulted in the maximum NPV ($96.5 million) and minimum MSP ($1107/ton biodiesel), respectively. Through local sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that the cane lipid percentage is the most significant factor influencing process economics. A conjoint analysis of the lipid procurement price and cane lipid percent suggested that 15% cane lipids with a low lipid procurement price ($0.536/kg) results in a positive NPV. When the cane lipid price is higher (>$0.80/kg), a 20% lipid content should be considered to achieve a positive NPV. At 20% cane lipids, the worst-case and best-case scenarios were evaluated by analyzing the interplay of the three most important parameters, The best-case scenario revealed that the minimum NPV under any process scheme could yield more than $100 million (or MSP: $0.80/L), and the worst-case analysis showed that losses incurred by the plant could be as high as $80 million (MSP: $1.36/L). A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that there is a 70% chance of the plant being profitable (NPV > 0).

ACS Style

Amit Arora; Vijay Singh. Biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids under uncertain feedstock compositions: Process design and techno-economic analysis. Applied Energy 2020, 280, 115933 .

AMA Style

Amit Arora, Vijay Singh. Biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids under uncertain feedstock compositions: Process design and techno-economic analysis. Applied Energy. 2020; 280 ():115933.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amit Arora; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids under uncertain feedstock compositions: Process design and techno-economic analysis." Applied Energy 280, no. : 115933.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Industrial Crops and Products
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The aim of this study was to determine carbohydrate recovery from hemp for ethanol production and quantify biodiesel from TAG (Triacylglycerol) present in hemp. The structural composition of five different hemp varieties (Seward County-SC, York County-YC, Loup County-LC, 19 m96136-19 m, and CBD Hemp-CBD) were analyzed. Concentration of glucan and xylan ranged between 32.63 to 44.52% and 10.62 to 15.48% respectively. The biomass was then pretreated with Liquid hot water followed by disk milling and then hydrolyzed enzymatically to yield monomeric sugars. High glucose (63-85%) and xylose (73-88%) recovery was achieved. Lipids were extracted from hemp using hexane and isopropanol and then transesterified to produce biodiesel. Approximately, 50% of total fatty acids in SC, LC, and CBD hemp were linoleic acid. Palmitic acid was present between 32 to 50% in varieties YC and 19 m. Highest TAG concentration at 25% of total lipids was observed in CBD hemp. The analysis on lipid composition and high sugar recovery demonstrates hemp as a potential bioenergy crop for ethanol and biodiesel coproduction.

ACS Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Kiyoul Park; Ming-Hsun Cheng; Edgar B. Cahoon; Ismail Dweikat; Tom Clemente; Vijay Singh. Variability in structural carbohydrates, lipid composition, and cellulosic sugar production from industrial hemp varieties. Industrial Crops and Products 2020, 157, 112906 .

AMA Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan, Kiyoul Park, Ming-Hsun Cheng, Edgar B. Cahoon, Ismail Dweikat, Tom Clemente, Vijay Singh. Variability in structural carbohydrates, lipid composition, and cellulosic sugar production from industrial hemp varieties. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020; 157 ():112906.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mothi Bharath Viswanathan; Kiyoul Park; Ming-Hsun Cheng; Edgar B. Cahoon; Ismail Dweikat; Tom Clemente; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Variability in structural carbohydrates, lipid composition, and cellulosic sugar production from industrial hemp varieties." Industrial Crops and Products 157, no. : 112906.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2020 in Bioresource Technology
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A novel process applying high solids loading in chemical-free pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was developed to produce sugars from bioenergy sorghum. Hydrothermal pretreatment with 50% solids loading was performed in a pilot scale continuous reactor followed by disc refining. Sugars were extracted from the enzymatic hydrolysis at 10% to 50% solids content using fed-batch operations. Three surfactants (Tween 80, PEG 4000, and PEG 6000) were evaluated to increase sugar yields. Hydrolysis using 2% PEG 4000 had the highest sugar yields. Glucose concentrations of 105, 130, and 147 g/L were obtained from the reaction at 30%, 40%, and 50% solids content, respectively. The maximum sugar concentration of the hydrolysate, including glucose and xylose, obtained was 232 g/L. Additionally, the glucose recovery (73.14%) was increased compared to that of the batch reaction (52.74%) by using two-stage enzymatic hydrolysis combined with fed-batch operation at 50% w/v solids content.

ACS Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng; Haider Jawad Kadhum; Ganti S. Murthy; Bruce S. Dien; Vijay Singh. High solids loading biorefinery for the production of cellulosic sugars from bioenergy sorghum. Bioresource Technology 2020, 318, 124051 .

AMA Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng, Haider Jawad Kadhum, Ganti S. Murthy, Bruce S. Dien, Vijay Singh. High solids loading biorefinery for the production of cellulosic sugars from bioenergy sorghum. Bioresource Technology. 2020; 318 ():124051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming-Hsun Cheng; Haider Jawad Kadhum; Ganti S. Murthy; Bruce S. Dien; Vijay Singh. 2020. "High solids loading biorefinery for the production of cellulosic sugars from bioenergy sorghum." Bioresource Technology 318, no. : 124051.

Research
Published: 23 July 2020 in Cereal Chemistry
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Background and objectives Reducing glycerol production, a major by‐product produced during fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can improve the ethanol productivity in corn dry grind process. This study investigates the potential of glycerol reduction using an advanced engineered yeast strain, and determine the effect of enzyme dosage, pH and temperature on the granular starch hydrolysis (GSH) process efficiency using both conventional yeast and advanced yeast. Findings Ethanol yields in GSH process were found maximum at enzyme dosage 4.8 kg/MT grains, and remained unchanged with further increase in dosage. The glycerol production was reduced by more than 50% with use of advanced enzymes compared to the conventional yeast, and resulted in 2.2 to 3.8% higher final ethanol concentrations. Performances of both yeast were reduced and leads to stuck fermentation at 36°C temperature. Conclusions Use of advanced yeast strains can improve the ethanol yields by reducing glycerol production in GSH process, however, the ethanol yields are highly dependent on the process conditions, especially enzyme loadings and temperature. Significance and novelty GSH process is expected to produce lower glycerol compared to conventional dry grind process. This research demonstrated that advanced engineered yeasts can reduce the glycerol production in GSH process also, improving the process yields and profitability.

ACS Style

Deepak Kumar; Mickel Jansen; Rahul Basu; Vijay Singh. Enhancing ethanol yields in corn dry grind process by reducing glycerol production. Cereal Chemistry 2020, 97, 1 .

AMA Style

Deepak Kumar, Mickel Jansen, Rahul Basu, Vijay Singh. Enhancing ethanol yields in corn dry grind process by reducing glycerol production. Cereal Chemistry. 2020; 97 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deepak Kumar; Mickel Jansen; Rahul Basu; Vijay Singh. 2020. "Enhancing ethanol yields in corn dry grind process by reducing glycerol production." Cereal Chemistry 97, no. 5: 1.