The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic [5]. SARS-Cov-2 demonstrates partial resemblance to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in phylogenetic analysis, clinical manifestations, and pathological findings [6, 7]. Reports emerging from China have described ataxia as a neurological symptom of the SARS-CoV-2 infection [5]. Opsoclonus consists of back-to-back multidirectional conjugate saccades without an inter-saccadic interval [8]. Myoclonus is defined as a sudden, brief, “shock-like”, nonepileptic involuntary movement [9], which has been described as a symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection [10]. Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia syndrome (OMAS) associated COVID-19 infection has been reported recently [1112].

Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple is an unusual side-effect of labetalol use. There is one official report from the United Kingdom. The present case concerns a 30-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, who developed pre-eclampsia and was treated with labetalol but subsequently reported neuropathic pain of the nipple. Nifedipine was then started as part of her treatment plan for blood pressure control and she no longer reported pain, despite being given six more doses of labetalol. Nifedipine is the first-line of treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon. The concomitant use of labetalol with nifedipine by a woman with Raynaud's phenomenon of the nipple has not been discussed before. The goal of this review is to raise awareness of this drug-induced phenomenon and to add to the limited literature available on this subject.

Introduction Persons with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) suffer from motor and non-motor symptoms which significantly affect their quality of life (QoL), and the QoL of their care partners (CP). Tandem cycling reduces PwPD motor symptoms; however, no studies have examined other benefits or included PwPD CP. We conducted an 8-week community virtual reality (VR) tandem cycling intervention to assess the feasibility and efficacy for PwPD and their CP (i.e., PD dyads). We hypothesized that dyadic tandem cycling would improve (1) PwPD motor and non-motor symptoms and (2) dimensions of PD dyads’ QoL and physiologic health. Methods Ten PD dyads were recruited to complete 8 weeks of progressive intensity, bi-weekly tandem cycling. At pre- and post-testing, PwPD were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III (MDS-UPDRS-III), functional gait assessment (FGA), and 10-m gait speed test. PD dyads also completed emotional and cognitive status questionnaires [e.g., Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF)], and wore BodyGuard 2 heart rate (HR) monitors for 48 h to assess surrogate measures of heart rate variability. Statistical analyses were conducted using Student’s t tests with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results Eight PD dyads and one PwPD completed the intervention. Retention of PwPD (90%) and CP (80%) was adequate, and PD dyad adherence ranged from 91.67 to 97.91%. PwPD demonstrated significant clinical improvements in MDS-UPDRS-III scores (− 7.38, p < 0.01), FGA scores (+ 3.50, p < 0.01), and 10-m gait speed times (+ 0.27 m/s, p < 0.01), in addition to significant self-reported improvements in mobility (− 13.61, p = 0.02), fatigue (− 5.99, p = 0.02), and social participation (+ 4.69, p < 0.01). CP depressive symptoms significantly decreased (− 0.88, p = 0.02), and PD dyads shared a significant increase in root mean square of the successive differences (RMSSD; p = 0.04). Conclusion Our pilot study demonstrated feasibility and multiple areas of efficacy supporting further investigation of community VR tandem cycling as a therapeutic intervention for PD dyads.

Introduction: Functional movement disorders (FMDs) are abnormal involuntary movements that cannot be explained by structural neurological disease and fall under the spectrum of functional neurological disorders. Although much is known about FMDs in general, there is a paucity of data on their presentation, diagnosis, and management in older adults, particularly in Latin America. Objective: To review the available literature on FMDs in older adults (aged ≥ 65) in Latin America, focusing on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic challenges, treatment, and prognosis, and to identify research gaps and priorities. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for studies reporting FMDs in older adults in Latin America during the last 10 years. Additionally, the study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251250181). Data extracted included country, sample size, mean/median age, FMD phenotype, diagnostic approach, treatment, and outcomes. However, narrative synthesis was used due to heterogeneity and paucity of data. Documents in English and Spanish were analyzed. Results: The search strategy and approach revealed extremely limited region-specific data. No eligible cohort or epidemiological studies focusing on older adults with FMDs in Latin America were identified. Existing reports are either descriptive or focus on younger adults; age-specific prevalence, phenotype distribution, and outcomes remain unknown. Conclusions: There is a major evidence gap concerning FMDs in older adults in Latin America, which poses clinical risks including misdiagnosis, delayed rehabilitation, and missed age-appropriate management. A region-tailored research agenda is proposed, including epidemiological studies, age-stratified cohorts, diagnostic and therapeutic adaptations, and capacity-building for multidisciplinary care. In light of the limited availability of region-specific data, this review integrates global evidence on FMDs in older adults and evaluates its relevance and implications for the Latin American setting.