Changes in ambient pressure occur during flying, diving, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy and can cause different types of pathophysiological conditions and pain including toothache (barodontalgia). We report the case of a patient with severe pain in the region of his mandibular left first molar, which had been satisfactorily restored with a conservative restoration. Pain occurred during an airplane flight and persisted after landing. Radiology revealed a periapical radiolucency in the region of the distal root apex. Pain relief was achieved only after endodontic treatment. On the basis of this paper, we investigated the aetiology and management of barodontalgia. Dentists should advise patients to avoid exposure to pressure changes until all necessary surgical, conservative, and prosthetic procedures have been completed. The influence of pressure divergences should be noted at any time. Under changed environment pressures may be the changing perception of pathologies.

Objective: This study evaluates the suitability of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) compared to traditional pulse oximetry (SpO2) for measuring cerebral oxygen saturation during hypoxia testing, aiming to enhance safety during flight operations and training. Material and Methods: The study included 106 participants aged 18–60 years at the Aerospace Medicine Training Center in Königsbrück. Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured using the INVOS™ 5100C cerebral oximeter and Masimo™ MS5 pulse oximeter, respectively. Measurements were taken at baseline, during hypoxia at 25,000 feet, and post recovery. Data analysis included regression analysis, Bland–Altman plots, and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Ethical approval was obtained from the Hannover Medical School. Data from 100 participants were analyzed. Results: Baseline SpO2 was 97.5 ± 1.5%, and baseline rSO2 was 77.25 ± 6.4%. During hypoxia, SpO2 dropped significantly, while rSO2 showed higher values. SpO2 recovered faster than rSO2. Deviations in rSO2 between the right and left sides during hypoxia were minimal. Lin’s CCC indicated moderate to substantial concordance. NIRS measurements were more stable and less prone to disturbances, with 95 disruptions in pulse oximetry, 25 of which were potentially critical. Conclusions: NIRS is a reliable method for detecting cerebral oxygen saturation, offering significant advantages over traditional pulse oximetry in stability and reliability during hypoxia testing. NIRS is less error-prone, supporting its use for continuous monitoring in aviation settings and enhancing flight safety by providing more accurate hypoxia detection.

Introduction: The two-shot technique is an effective stopping power method. The precise mechanisms of action on the bone and soft-tissue structures of the skull; however, remain largely unclear. The aim of this study is to compare the terminal ballistics of the two-shot and single-shot techniques. Materials and Methods: 40 fresh pigs' heads were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10). Either a single shot or two shots were fired at each head with a full metal jacket or a semi-jacketed bullet. Using thin-layer computed tomography and photography, the diameter of the destruction pattern and the fractures along the bullet path were then imaged and assessed. Results: A single shot fired with a full metal jacket bullet causes minor lateral destruction along the bullet path. With two shots fired with a full metal jacket bullet, however, the maximum diameter of the bullet path is significantly greater (P < 0.05) than it is with a single shot fired with a full metal jacket bullet. In contrast, the maximum diameter with a semi-jacketed bullet is similar with the single-shot and two-shot techniques. Conclusion: With the two-shot technique, a full metal jacket bullet causes a destruction pattern that is comparable to that of a single shot fired with a semi-jacketed bullet.