This study identifies a strengthened relationship between the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) during January–February–March (JFM) and the following autumn Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) after the late 2000s. Following the positive SIOD, the northwesterly wind anomalies help to maintain positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean by wind‐evaporation‐SST (WES) feedback during June–July–August (JJA). The anomalous northwesterly winds and the sustained positive SST anomalies promote the development of the zonal wavenumber‐3 pattern (ZW3P) and induce low‐level convergence in the mid‐latitude central southern Indian Ocean, leading to the anticyclone circulation over the northern Indian Ocean by the local Hadley circulation during JJA. The accompanying central equatorial easterly wind anomalies appear in JJA, which is the key to trigger a positive IOD event through Bjerknes feedback. This mechanism for the enhanced SIOD‐IOD relationship is independent from the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Drought plays a critical role in the terrestrial carbon cycle, influencing both ecosystem disturbances and carbon sink dynamics. Here, we assess the effects of future droughts on gross primary production (GPP) under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Results show a marked increase in drought frequency, especially extreme droughts by the end of the century. GPP is projected to reduce across most regions, except in high‐latitude areas. Extreme droughts cause the largest declines in GPP, particularly in the late century. GPP sensitivity to drought varies by vegetation type and climate zone. Evergreen Broadleaf Forests are particularly vulnerable to all drought intensities, with severe and extreme events showing intensifying impacts over time. Drought impacts are most pronounced in regions with aridity index near 0.15 (dry area) and around 0.8 (humid area). These findings underscore the importance of considering vegetation‐specific and climate‐sensitive responses to drought when designing future ecosystem mitigation strategies.

Vegetation plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance between nature, water and soil resources. However, understanding its impact mechanisms in arid and semi-arid areas remains limited. This study aims to analyze the spatial–temporal characteristics of the vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and climate elements in typical regions of northwest China and the correlations between LAI and climate elements; it also aims to explore the influence of regional vegetation growth on climate change. The results reveal significant correlations between LAI and various climate elements. Specifically, within the same region, surface temperature, precipitation, vegetation transpiration, and total evaporation show positive correlations with the LAI, whereas surface albedo shows a negative correlation. Vegetation may affect climate through both heat and water exchange between the land and atmosphere. Increased vegetation leads to the enhanced absorption of solar radiation by the land surface, elevating surface temperature. Increased levels of vegetation also increase vegetation transpiration and total evaporation, increasing the water vapor content in the atmosphere and thus leading to increased surface precipitation. Therefore, vegetation distribution plays a role in climate change, and ecological restoration projects in the northwest region hold significant potential for addressing ecological challenges in its arid and semi-arid areas.

Global warming weakened the summer monsoon and increased the evaporation, leading to more contribution of local evaporation moisture to the local precipitation for the monsoon areas. However, the descriptions of the contribution of the local moisture to the total precipitation and its characteristics have not been known very well. In this paper, taking the middle and lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) as a case and using the precipitation recycling process model, we analyzed the characteristics of the contribution of the local moisture to the total precipitation and the possible reasons. The results show that: the seasonal difference in precipitation recycling rates is obvious, the precipitation recycling rates in spring and summer are small (18.30% and 19.30%), the maximum in autumn is 30.50%, and the precipitation recycling rates in all seasons except summer show a significant upward trend (about 1.70%/10a). Additionally, the water vapor input into MLRYR from four boundaries significantly reduced except for the eastern boundary, and the water vapor contribution from the South and East borders is in summer, and the water vapor contribution from the North and West borders is in autumn, winter and spring. We suggest that the model of the precipitation recycling rate is important to evaluate the contribution of different water vapor sources, and help to further improve the ability of river water prediction in flood season.

Extreme precipitation plays an increasingly important role in shaping hydroclimatic risk under global warming, yet its long‐term contribution to total precipitation remains poorly understood. This study investigates the interdecadal changes in the Proportion of Extreme Precipitation to Total Precipitation (PEPTP) in South China from 1961 to 2024. Results show a significant increase in PEPTP since the early 1990s. The Indian Ocean capacitor effect dominate the earlier period, the post‐1992 phase is increasingly influenced by North Atlantic Zonal Dipole (NAZD). Notably, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates the NAZD–PEPTP relationship, with a significant positive correlation emerging during negative PDO phases. The recent enhancement of PEPTP coincides with a persistent negative PDO phase. These findings highlight the importance of multi‐oceanic modes and decadal variability in shaping extreme precipitation under climate change.