Clinical transplantology is a constantly evolving field of medicine. Kidney transplantation has become standard clinical practice, and it has a significant impact on reducing mortality and improving the quality of life of patients. Allogenic transplantation induces an immune response, which may lead to the rejection of the transplanted organ. The gold standard for evaluating rejection of the transplanted kidney by the recipient’s organism is a biopsy of this organ. However, due to the high invasiveness of this procedure, alternative diagnostic methods are being sought. Therefore, the biomarkers may play an essential predictive role in transplant rejection. A review of the most promising biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of allogenic kidney transplant rejection summarizes novel data on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL-10), cystatin C (CysC), osteopontin (OPN), and clusterin (CLU) and analyses the dynamics of changes of the biomarkers mentioned above in kidney diseases and the mechanism of rejection of the transplanted kidney.

Intestinal trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a protein secreted by many cell types, and its serum and urine levels vary in patients with kidney disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of TFF3 in allogeneic kidney transplant patients included in the one-year follow-up. To analyze the influence of the diagnostic method used, we studied the type of biological material and the time elapsed since renal transplantation on the parameter’s value. The study also aimed to investigate the relationship between TFF3 levels and creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values in the serum and urine of the patients studied. The study used blood and urine samples from adult patients (n = 19) 24–48 h, 6 months, and 12 months after kidney transplantation. We collected one-time blood and urine from healthy subjects (n = 5) without renal disease. We applied immunoenzymatic ELISA and xMap Luminex flow fluorimetry to determine TFF3 in serum and urine. There was a significant difference in TFF3 levels in the serum of patients collected on the first one or two days after kidney transplantation compared to the control group (determined by ELISA and Luminex) and six months and one year after kidney transplantation (ELISA). We observed a correlation between creatinine concentration and urinary TFF3 concentration (ELISA and Luminex) and a negative association between eGFR and urinary (ELISA) and serum (Luminex) TFF3 concentration in patients on the first and second days after kidney transplantation. We noted significant correlations between eGFR and TFF3 levels in the serum and urine of patients determined by the two methods six months and one year after transplantation. In women, we observed that urinary TFF3 concentration increased significantly with increasing creatinine and that with increasing eGFR, urinary TFF3 concentration determined by two methods decreased significantly. In the present study, the choice of diagnostic method for the determination of TFF3 in serum and urine significantly affected the concentration of this biomarker. The values of this parameter determined by ELISA were higher than those assessed using the Luminex assay. Based on the presented results, we can conclude that TFF3 has great potential to monitor renal transplant patients. Determination of this protein in parallel with creatinine and eGFR levels in serum and urine may provide helpful diagnostic information.

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is one of the most common complications of cardiac surgery procedures. In this study, the authors attempt to provide new data regarding the application of novel kidney injury biomarkers in the early diagnostics of CSA-AKI. 128 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery procedures with the use of cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) were enrolled in this study. Novel kidney injury biomarkers were marked in the plasma and urine 6 h after weaning from the CPB. A significant difference in the postoperative biomarkers’ concentration between the AKI and no-AKI group was found, regarding plasma IL-8, plasma TNF-α and urine NGAL, normalized for creatinine excretion (NGAL/Cr). These were also independent predictors of CSA-AKI. An independent risk factor for CSA-AKI proved to be preoperative CKD. Plasma IL-8 and TNF-α, as well as urine NGAL/Cr, are independent early indicators of CSA-AKI and pose a promising alternative for creatinine measurements. The cut-off points for these biomarkers proposed in this investigation should be confronted with more data and revised to achieve a suitable diagnostic value.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), due to its morphological structure, is a bicondylar joint, coupled in every movement. Intensive development of TMJ occurs in the early fetal period. Diseases of the temporomandibular joints differ in etiology and symptoms. The dysfunction of temporomandibular joint may lead to many problems connected with disorders of masseter muscles and bones building this joint and tissues around it. The aim of these studies is to describe several congenital abnormalities of the temporomandibular joint. Congenital deformities of the temporomandibular joint complex can present as a growth of mandible disturbances. They can occur as single condition characterized by hyperplasia or hypoplasia of joint structures. In extreme cases it can occure as agenesis, which is lack of formation. Tempotomandibular joint may be also affected by fibrous dysplasia, form of hyperplasia. They can also occur as a complex symptom with congenital mandible deformity, what can cause the problems with correct diagnosis. Temporomandibular joint disorders constitute a significant percentage of the viscerocranium diseases. All disorders occurring within these structures are usually associated with severe pain and significant discomfort. In dental practice, it is important to know in detail the symptoms associated with diseases of temporomandibular joint and also differentiate single conditions and complex symptoms.

Nutrigenetics is the field that studies genetic differences in relation to food components. It also examines the risk of food-dependent diseases. The search for genes responsible for disease occurrence is very difficult because the human genome has about 25,000 genes. Association studies are used to identify the relevant genes, and then the presence of polymorphisms is compared with a group of healthy people (control group). Thanks to these tests, it is possible to take an individual approach to the patient and arrange a personalized diet, which results in obtaining the best results. This article focuses on selected diseases including lactase deficiency, celiac disease, phenylketonuria and folate deficiency. In each of these diseases thanks to molecular research, it is possible to detect genetic defects, and then to apply a personalized diet which excludes or provides certain food products. Further development of nutrigenetics in the future will allow even better selection of diets in other disease entities.

Nowadays, a significant increase in the number of post-working age people can be observed. This is due primarily to the change of life style, taking care of their own health and the development of medicine. Therefore, the perception of old people and their problems have become a common theme and subject of research. Aging and old age are referred to as the next stage in human development, which puts it in front of an extremely severe challenges or difficulties.The aim of this study was to present the views of High School students about aging and old age. In the anonymous and voluntary survey involved 252 students in grades first Chojnice High Schools. The author's questionnaire was used, containing 26 questions. Analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS version 24 and Microsoft Office Excel.In our own research, the relationship between the gender of respondents and the fear of old age was proved, which shows that women are more likely to fear their own old age. The correlation between place of residence and opinion on the need for elderly people in society was also examined. It was shown that among the youth living in the city up to 100,000 inhabitants were people who thought that the old people were unnecessary for the society. However, the vast majority of opinion-makers declared the need for old people in the population.The results of the study showed that young people have a positive attitude to the older generation. There was no stereotypical perception of old people by young people.