Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) material is a polycyclic, aromatic, thermoplastic polymer that is semi-crystalline and has a linear structure. PEEK has good mechanical and electrical properties such as resistance to high temperature and resistance to hydrolysis. In addition, because of the property of high biocompatibility, use of PEEK has increased in orthopaedic and trauma cases. The most characteristic property of PEEK material is that it has a low elasticity modulus, close to that of bone. It has been suggested that stress-based problems could be reduced with this material due to the low elasticity modulus. In the light of this information, PEEK material could be considered as an alternative to conventional materials in the field of dentistry.

The goal of endodontic treatment is to remove all the vital and necrotic tissues, microorganisms and microbial byproducts from root canal system. This goal can be achieved through chemical and mechanical debridement of root canals. This article narrates the specifics and requirements of the irrigation solutions. Sodium hypochlorite is proposed as the primary irrigant by virtue of its organic tissue dissolution capacity and broad antimicrobial properties. On the other hand, chelation solutions are recommended as auxiliary solutions to remove the smear layer or to hinder its formation on dentin surface. Thus, it's hoped that sealers and root canal fillers can penetrate to dentin tubules and obturate the canals hermetically. There are new studies on traditional irrigants especially on some irrigants that can replace sodium hypoclorite. This article reviews the new irrigants which can be used in future endodontic practice, and their advantages and limitations. Moreover, actions and interactions of recently used irrigants are adverted. How to cite this article: Topbas C, Adiguzel O. Endodontic Irrigation Solutions: A Review. Int Dent Res 2017;7:54-61. Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Together with developments in digital imaging systems, there has been increasing use of micro-computed tomography (μCT) in many areas, primarily in dentistry. As this method allows 3-dimensional images to be taken providing safe and high quality results, without damaging the samples being examined, it is often preferred. Consequently, it has become possible to record rapid progression in endodontic studies in particular and to research and easily compare several techniques. Furthermore, this method can be used in tissue engineering, forming data for FEM analysis, the growth and development of craniofacial bones, imaging bone structure, and in the evaluation of implants and surrounding bone in root tip surgery, to determine mineral concentration in the teeth and to measure the thickness of enamel. The aim of this review was to focus on the areas of use of μCT in dentistry and state the advantages. Key Words: Micro-computed tomography, X-ray micro-CT, dental application, three-dimensional imaging How to cite this article: Erpaçal B, Adıgüzel Ö, Cangül S. The use of micro-computed tomography in dental applications. Int Dent Res 2019;9(2):78-91. Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Oral breathing causes many changes in the facial anatomical structures in adult patients. In this study we aimed to determine the effects of long-term oral breathing (>5 years) on the maxillary sinus volumes among adult male patients. We accessed medical records of 586 patients who had undergone cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for any reason between September 2013 and April 2014. Patients who had undergone cone-beam dental volumetric tomography scans for any reason and who had answered a questionnaire about breathing were screened retrospectively. Cone beam dental volumetric tomography (I-Cat, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to take the images of the maxillo-facial area at a setting of 120 kVp and 3.7 mA. This study involved male patients older than 21 years of age. The study included a total of 239 male patients, of which 68 were oral breathers and 171 were nasal breathers. The mean age of the oral breathers was 48.4 years and that of the nasal breathers was 46.7 years and the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean maxillary sinus volumes of the oral and nasal breathers were 9043.49±1987.90 and 10851.77±2769.37, respectively, and the difference in maxillary sinus volume between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p5 years) was significantly lower than in nasal breathers, but it remains unclear whether this is due to malfunctioning of the nasal cavity or due to the underlying pathological condition.