Background: This study investigates the relationship between malocclusion and body posture, head posture, podal system, and gait parameters in children. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies from 2010 to 2023 was conducted and 24 cross-sectional studies involving 6199 participants were identified. These studies were categorized into those dealing with body posture (10 studies, 3601 participants), cervical vertebral column and head posture (6 studies, 644 participants), the podal system (5 studies, 1118 participants), and gait (3 studies, 836 participants). Results: Evidence suggests a significant association between malocclusion and body posture, balance, podal system, and gait parameters. Notably, eight studies found a significant relationship between malocclusion and body posture, while five studies identified this relationship with the cervical vertebral column and head posture, five with the podal system, and three with gait parameters. Conclusions: Overall, the quality of evidence was strong for the association between malocclusion and body posture and the podal system and moderate for head posture and gait parameters. These findings offer insights for therapists to design interventions tailored to children with malocclusion based on considerations of body posture, head posture, podal system, and gait parameters, though further longitudinal cohort studies are needed for better predictive understanding.

K1 kickboxing fighting is characterised by high injury rates due to the low restrictions of fighting rules. In recent years, much attention has been paid to research on changes in brain function among athletes, including those in combat sports. One of the tools that are likely to help diagnose and assess brain function is quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Therefore, the aim of the present study was an attempt to develop a brainwave model using quantitative electroencephalography in competitive K1 kickboxers. A total of thirty-six male individuals were purposefully selected and then comparatively divided into two groups. The first group consisted of specialised K1 kickboxing athletes exhibiting a high level of sports performance (experimental group, n = 18, mean age: 29.83 ± 3.43), while the second group comprised healthy individuals not training competitively (control group, n = 18, mean age: 26.72 ± 1.77). Body composition assessment was performed in all participants before the main measurement process. Measurements were taken for kickboxers during the de-training period, after the sports competition phase. Quantitative electroencephalography of Delta, Theta, Alpha, sensimotor rhytm (SMR), Beta1 and Beta2 waves was performed using electrodes placed on nine measurement points (frontal: FzF3F4, central: CzC3C4, and parietal: PzP3P4) with open eyes. In the course of the analyses, it was found that the level of brain activity among the study population significantly differentiated the K1 formula competitors compared with the reference standards and the control group in selected measurement areas. For kickboxers, all results of the Delta amplitude activity in the area of the frontal lobe were significantly above the normative values for this wave. The highest value was recorded for the average value of the F3 electrode (left frontal lobe), exceeding the norm by 95.65%, for F4 by 74.45% and Fz by 50.6%, respectively. In addition, the Alpha wave standard value for the F4 electrode was exceeded by 14.6%. Normative values were found for the remaining wave amplitudes. Statistically significant differentiation of results, with a strong effect (d = 1.52–8.41), was shown for the activity of Delta waves of the frontal area and the central part of the parietal area (Fz,F3,F4,Cz—p < 0.001), Theta for the frontal area as well as the central and left parietal lobes (Fz,F3,F4—p < 0.001, Cz—p = 0.001, C3—p = 0.018; d = 1.05–3.18), Alpha for the frontal, parietal and occipital areas (for: Fz,F3—p < 0.001, F4—p = 0.036, Cz—p < 0.001, C3—p = 0.001, C4—p = 0.025, Pz—p = 0.010, P3—p < 0.001, P4—p = 0.038; d = 0.90–1.66), SMR for the central parietal and left occipital lobes (Cz—p = 0.043; d = 0.69, P3—p < 0.001; d = 1.62), Beta for the frontal area, occipital and central lobes and left parietal segment (Fz,F3—p < 0.001, F4—p = 0.008, Cz, C3, Pz, P3,P4—p < 0.001; d = 1.27–2.85) and Beta 2 for all measurement areas (Fz, F3, F4, Cz, C3, C4, Pz, P3, P4—p < 0.001; d = 1.90–3.35) among the study groups. Significantly higher results were shown in the kickboxer group compared to the control. In addition to problems with concentration or over-stimulation of neural structures, high Delta waves, with elevated Alpha, Theta and Beta 2 waves, can cause disorders in the limbic system and problems in the cerebral cortex.

Introduction: Gait plays a crucial role in both daily life and sports performance. This study analyzes professional boxers’ gait, as it is essential to understand its influence on performance and injury risk. However, there is a need to comprehend the effects of boxing training on gait and the occurrence of asymmetries between limbs. Research Question: Does the gait of professional boxers exhibit significant differences between limbs, and what are the potential implications of this asymmetry? Materials and Methods: The study involved 36 professional boxers, and the Gaitway 3D Pressure treadmill was used to collect data. The analysis was performed using statistical tests with a pre-determined level of significance. Results: Significant differences were found between limbs in gait phase parameters and ground reaction forces. A longer swing phase of the right leg was observed, potentially affecting the reduction of single-limb support and right-leg propulsion. Additionally, higher ground reaction forces were noted on the left side. Conclusions: This analysis of gait in professional boxers provides valuable insights into the asymmetry between limbs, which may impact performance and injury risk. It also shows the correct characteristics of selected gait parameters. These findings are relevant for tailoring training programs, reducing injuries, and enhancing overall physical conditioning of athletes. Further-more, they can be applied in both sports and daily life for injury prevention and rehabilitation, where maintaining balance and stability are crucial in avoiding injuries and improving the quality of life.

Background: The correspondence between various aspects of human postural parameters and the spatial relation of the jaws is of increasing interest among scientists. Emerging research suggests that the stomatognathic system and posture play, in a broad sense, significant roles. Objectives: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between various malocclusion types and gait parameters, the distribution of foot pressure on the ground, and body balance. Methods: The study involved 155 patients aged 12-16. The subjects were divided into groups according to their malocclusion—Angle’s class II (n = 32), Canine class II (n = 31), and Overbite (n = 46). The control group (n = 46) comprised children not demonstrating any defects. The study data were collected by direct observation of the oral cavity. Gait analysis was carried out using the Wiva^® Science sensor, and the distribution of foot forces on the ground and body balance was determined via the E.P.S R/1 pedobarographic mat. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: Analysis of the results obtained showed statistically significant differences in left step duration (p = 0.042) and the duration of the right step (p = 0.021), as well as the projection of the body’s center of gravity on the left foot (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Distoocclusion in the anterior part of the mandible may cause different positioning of the head and neck, as well as varying tension of the muscles, further leading to balance disorders while walking.

Wprowadzenie: W ostatnich latach nastąpił dynamiczny rozwój nowych metod kształcenia na kierunkach lekarskich. Poza tradycyjnymi formami przekazu wiedzy, tj. wykłady ex cathedra oraz nauczanie anatomii w prosektorium, równolegle rozwijają się metody online z wykorzystaniem różnorodnych form przekazu informacji w wersji cyfrowej. Konieczność dostosowania metod nauczania do nowych warunków otoczenia wynika m.in. z rozwoju digitalizacji, przyspieszonego w trakcie pandemii COVID-19.Cel: Celem pracy był przegląd dostępnych cyfrowych narzędzi edukacyjnych, metod kształcenia na odległość, potencjału centrów symulacji medycznej oraz innych nowoczesnych metod przydatnych w edukacji medycznej.Materiał i metody: Dokonano przeglądu wiodących pozycji dostępnego piśmiennictwa, najczęściej używanych platform edukacyjnych, produktów wirtualnej rzeczywistości, a wszystko to w odniesieniu do aktualnych wymagań jakości kształcenia.Wyniki i ich omówienie: Dynamiczny rozwój nowych technologii umożliwia obniżanie kosztów nauczania na kierunkach medycznych poprzez stwarzanie alternatywnych metod nauczania. Możliwe staje się zastąpienie ludzkich preparatów anatomicznych poprzez drukowanie ich modeli w technologii druku 3D czy nauka anatomii z wykorzystaniem wirtualnej rzeczywistości (WR). Rozwój symulacji medycznej poprzez symulacje wysokiej wierności czy WR umożliwia nauczanie różnych umiejętności klinicznych, w tym praktycznych (kompetencje miękkie), w bezpiecznych, kontrolowanych, wystandaryzowanych warunkach. W ostatnich latach zmienił się również model bezpośredniej relacji mentora ze studentami – z tradycyjnego (pytania i odpowiedzi) na niestandardowe, tj. problem based learning, którego istotą jest umiejętność prowadzenia dyskusji w grupie, zawiązywania zespołów i samokształcenia.Wnioski: 1. Szeroka oferta nowoczesnych i innowacyjnych metod kształcenia na kierunkach lekarskich może zwiększyć efektywność i uatrakcyjnić proces kształcenia na kierunkach lekarskich. 2. Nadal główną osią kształcenia kolejnych pokoleń lekarzy pozostają zajęcia przy łóżku chorego z aktywnym nauczaniem umiejętności praktycznych przez doświadczonych nauczycieli edukatorów.