In this paper, the use of banana peel for energy purposes was investigated. Banana peel is a lignocellulosic waste since it is the most widely produced and consumed fruit in Indonesia. Among the others, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was chosen as alternative themochemical process, suitable for high moisture biomass. Through a 1 L stirred reactor, hydrothermal treatments were performed under low temperature condition (190, 210 and 230 °C), residence times (30 and 60 min), and biomass to water ratio (1:3, 1:5, and 1:10). Three of product were collected from the process with primary material balance. Solid phase (hydrochar) was evaluated in terms of calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. The results suggested that the hydrothermal carbonization of banana peel gave high heating value (HHV) of 20.09 MJ/kg for its char after dried naturally.

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is known as a thermochemical process that used for converting wet biomass into a coal-like solid fuel (hydrochar). Hydrochar is easily crumbled. Because of hydrophobic, hydrochart is uneasily degraded by microorganisms. It has a calorific value comparable to...

Hydrothermal process is a thermochemical process used to convert wet biomass waste become a coal-like material with higher carbon content called hydrochar. In this study, performance test of hydrothermal reactor was done. Stirred reactor was made of SS-304 with volume of 1 L and electric heater as a heating mantle. The hydrothermal carbonisation reactor was utilized to perform the carbonisation of three materials (paper, banana peel, and sawdust) as substrates. The substrates represent major component of biomass waste in Bandung, Indonesia. Process was operated in batch-mode at varying temperatures (190 °C, 210 °C and 230 °C), holding time (30 and 60 min), and solid load (1:3, 1:5, and 1:10). The results suggested that the hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to solid fuel gave high heating value with value of 24.6, 21.2, and 20.1 MJ/kg for sawdust, paper, and banana peel respectively after product dried naturally. The study showed that chemical and physical properties of several feedstock and hydrochar varied as a function of reaction temperature.

In this article, the potential use of banana bunch waste (BBW) as a source of bioenergy through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is investigated. BBW, a byproduct of banana production, is difficult to use as a fuel due to its low density and carbon ratio. However, its high lignocellulose content...

Research background. Encapsulating lemuru fish protein hydrolysate is important to maintain its stability. However, optimal conditions for the encapsulation process of lemuru fish protein hydrolysate using statistical methods remain unexplored. This study aims to address this problem by optimizing the encapsulation conditions. Experimental approach. Maltodextrin and gum Arabic were used as carrier agents, with mass per volume ratio ranging from 10 to 30 %, and spray dryer inlet temperatures between 90 and 100 °C. In this study, we analysed the main interactions of these variables using response surface methodology (RSM). Results and conclusions. Our results show that mass per volume ratio of maltodextrin of 25 % and inlet temperature of 100 °C are the optimal conditions for the encapsulation of fish protein hydrolysate. The optimal conditions resulted in a high desirability index of 0.864, indicating an effective balance between yield, solubility and hygroscopicity. The actual results also fall well within the confidence interval of the predicted values, confirming the robustness of the model and the reliability of the predicted optimal encapsulation conditions. Encapsulated fish protein hydrolysate was compared with its non-encapsulated counterpart and characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size analyser (PSA) to validate the results. The encapsulated fish protein hydrolysate showed distinct properties, such as the presence of functional groups from maltodextrin, interconnected particle and more homogeneous and narrower particle size distribution. Novelty and scientific contribution. The encapsulation of lemuru fish protein hydrolysate using maltodextrin with mass per volume ratio of 25 % and inlet temperature 100 °C was successful in improving the properties of the protein hydrolysate. Further research should explore the functional properties of fish protein hydrolysate.

Albizia Chinensis is a plant easily found in Indonesia and other South East Asian countries. The sawdust from this plant is a lignocellulosic waste that can be potentially upgraded for the fuel purposes. This research investigated the potential of upgrading sawdust into a coal-like solid for fuel...