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Prof. Chien Sen Liao
1. Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

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0 Bioremediation
0 Environmental Science
0 Microbial Ecology
0 Phytoremediation
0 Applied Microbiology

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Journal article
Published: 27 August 2021 in Processes
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Combining biochar with chemical fertilizers or compost not only improves the shortcomings of biochar’s lack of fertility, but also extends the benefits of the compost. The application of biochar composite materials will be a future agricultural management strategy. In this study bagasse compost was mixed with wood biochar (w/w) at rates of 0% (B), 25% (BC), 50% (BC3), and 100% (no biochar, C) to produce four types of particle biochar compound materials (pBCM). These materials were applied to two types of soil (sandy soil and clayey soil) for a 180-day incubation to determine the decomposition rate and the nutrient release efficiency of the pBCMs. The results showed that C treatment had the highest decomposition rate in both types of soil. Overall, the materials decomposed faster in the sandy soil than in the clayey soil. Plants were grown over two 30-day crop periods. The plant yields of treatments C and BC3 were the highest in the first period and respectively decreased and increased in the second period. The experiment results revealed that in the biochar–compost compounds, compost increased the use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, and biochar increased the nutrient use efficiency in the second period. These compound materials had greater capacity for long-term supply of nutrients in soil than did single-component ones.

ACS Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Zheng-Han Xie; Shih-Hao Jien. Decomposition and Nutrient Releasing of Biochar Compound Materials in Soil with Different Textures. Processes 2021, 9, 1521 .

AMA Style

Chien-Sen Liao, Zheng-Han Xie, Shih-Hao Jien. Decomposition and Nutrient Releasing of Biochar Compound Materials in Soil with Different Textures. Processes. 2021; 9 (9):1521.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Zheng-Han Xie; Shih-Hao Jien. 2021. "Decomposition and Nutrient Releasing of Biochar Compound Materials in Soil with Different Textures." Processes 9, no. 9: 1521.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Antibiotics
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of multi-drug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection and other factors on the length of hospital stay (LOS) of patients in the respiratory care ward (RCW) of a regional hospital in Taiwan. In this retrospective study, we collected cases from MDRO-infected patients in the RCW from January 2016 to March 2020. The RCW comprises 13 beds in total. There were 106 infected patients, of which 42 were in the case group (infected with MDROs) and 64 were in the control group (not infected with MDROs). Clinical specimens were inoculated in a selective medium to isolate the pathogenic bacteria by standard procedures. The results showed the main factors affecting the LOS were: patients with MDRO infection, patients discharged from the RCW, and patients who underwent catheterization. The LOS of patients infected with MDROs was significantly longer than that of patients without MDRO infection (β = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.02–1.09), with the case group and the control group being 479.8 ± 546.5 and 307.3 ± 436.2 days, respectively. Infection with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) was associated with a longer LOS than other MDRO strains. These findings have important implications for infection control in RCW and in better tracking the health of patients.

ACS Style

Yi-Ping Chen; Xian-Wen Tasi; Ko Chang; Xuan-Di Cao; Jung-Ren Chen; Chien-Sen Liao. Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Infection Impact on Patients Length of Stay in Respiratory Care Ward. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 608 .

AMA Style

Yi-Ping Chen, Xian-Wen Tasi, Ko Chang, Xuan-Di Cao, Jung-Ren Chen, Chien-Sen Liao. Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Infection Impact on Patients Length of Stay in Respiratory Care Ward. Antibiotics. 2021; 10 (5):608.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi-Ping Chen; Xian-Wen Tasi; Ko Chang; Xuan-Di Cao; Jung-Ren Chen; Chien-Sen Liao. 2021. "Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Infection Impact on Patients Length of Stay in Respiratory Care Ward." Antibiotics 10, no. 5: 608.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Processes
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In this study, we conducted an efficient microwave-assisted transesterification process combining homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic phases to produce biodiesel from waste soybean oil. A cylindrical quartz reactor packed with nanoparticles of Fe3O4 as a co-catalyst was applied to improve the reaction. The process was carried out with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, power of 560 W, and residence time of 30 s. The specifications of the biodiesel produced in this study were compared with two standards, i.e., ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. We found that the continuous conversion of waste soybean oil to methyl ester was approximately 95%. The biodiesel showed a higher flash point and a higher carbon residue content than that of both standards, and the viscosity (5.356 mm2/s) and density (898.1 kg/m3) were both at a high level. Compared to a conventional heating plate, the energy consumption was significantly reduced by nearly 93%. It is expected that these findings will provide useful information for green and sustainable processes for the regeneration and reuse of oil.

ACS Style

Ching-Hsing Lin; Yi-Tang Chang; Mei-Chou Lai; Tai-Ying Chiou; Chien-Sen Liao. Continuous Biodiesel Production from Waste Soybean Oil Using a Nano-Fe3O4 Microwave Catalysis. Processes 2021, 9, 756 .

AMA Style

Ching-Hsing Lin, Yi-Tang Chang, Mei-Chou Lai, Tai-Ying Chiou, Chien-Sen Liao. Continuous Biodiesel Production from Waste Soybean Oil Using a Nano-Fe3O4 Microwave Catalysis. Processes. 2021; 9 (5):756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ching-Hsing Lin; Yi-Tang Chang; Mei-Chou Lai; Tai-Ying Chiou; Chien-Sen Liao. 2021. "Continuous Biodiesel Production from Waste Soybean Oil Using a Nano-Fe3O4 Microwave Catalysis." Processes 9, no. 5: 756.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2020 in Landscape and Urban Planning
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Landscape composition and configuration, which runoff flows through, have substantial effects on nutrient export of humid mountainous watersheds. The relationships between landscape metrics and annual and seasonal NO3-N and PO4-P fluxes are developed for 43 watersheds distributed island-wide in Taiwan during 2015–2016. The results show that the watersheds with higher concentrations of NO3-N and PO4-P mainly distributed on western Taiwan whereas watersheds with lower concentrations of NO3-N and PO4-P scattered across mountain regions and eastern Taiwan. Multiple stepwise regression models are used to realize the effects of landscape pattern on NO3-N and PO4-P exports at watershed level and riparian buffers of various width (100 m, 200 m, 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 2000 m). Our findings show that the average annual exports of NO3-N and PO4-P across various watersheds are 3.8–50.8 and 0.04–7.7 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, much higher than reported values worldwide. The class-level metrics IJI (interspersion and juxtaposition) of agricultural land and LPI (largest patch index) of buildup area obtained from 200 m buffer explain 85% of variation of NO3-N flux, and ED (edge of density) of buildup area and LPI of water body or percentage of water body at 200 m buffer combined contribute 90% of variation in PO4-P exports. The highly mixed development of urban and agriculture distributed along with the limited extent of riparian buffers within watersheds in Taiwan make the watershed susceptible to loss of a large quantity of nutrients and sediments into streams. Management practices such as diminishing fragmented agriculture and buildup area are recommended as they should help to reduce water pollution, and better designs of developed area and water body can further improve water quality.

ACS Style

Chung-Te Chang; Cheng-En Song; Li-Chin Lee; Shih-Chien Chan; Chien-Sen Liao; Ying-San Liou; Jyh-Min Chiang; Su-Fen Wang; Jr-Chuan Huang. Influence of landscape mosaic structure on nitrate and phosphate discharges: An island-wide assessment in subtropical mountainous Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning 2020, 207, 104017 .

AMA Style

Chung-Te Chang, Cheng-En Song, Li-Chin Lee, Shih-Chien Chan, Chien-Sen Liao, Ying-San Liou, Jyh-Min Chiang, Su-Fen Wang, Jr-Chuan Huang. Influence of landscape mosaic structure on nitrate and phosphate discharges: An island-wide assessment in subtropical mountainous Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2020; 207 ():104017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chung-Te Chang; Cheng-En Song; Li-Chin Lee; Shih-Chien Chan; Chien-Sen Liao; Ying-San Liou; Jyh-Min Chiang; Su-Fen Wang; Jr-Chuan Huang. 2020. "Influence of landscape mosaic structure on nitrate and phosphate discharges: An island-wide assessment in subtropical mountainous Taiwan." Landscape and Urban Planning 207, no. : 104017.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2020 in Water
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Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emission via different pathways has shown prominent impact on aquatic ecosystems for decades, but the effects of interaction among climate-, landscape- and human-associated variables on riverine DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen, mainly NO3− and NH4+) export are unclear. In this study, the data of 43 watersheds with a wide range of climate-, landscape- and human-associated gradients across Taiwan were evaluated with partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) to examine their interactive controls on riverine DIN export. Results show that the annual riverine DIN export in Taiwan is approximately 3100 kg-N km−2 yr−1, spanning from 230 kg-N km−2 yr−1 in less disturbed watersheds (eastern and central Taiwan) to 10,000 kg-N km−2 yr−1 in watersheds with intensive human intervention (southwestern and northern Taiwan). NO3− is generally the single dominant form of DIN, while NH4+ renders significance in disturbed watersheds. Nearly all environmental variables display a positive correlation with DIN export, except for landscape setting variables (e.g., slope, area, channel length), which show a negative relationship. In terms of seasonal pattern, climate and human-landscape variables are related to NO3− export independently in the wet season, yet in the dry season climate-human variables jointly dominate NO3− export. Meanwhile, human-landscape (LH) variables (l1 of LH > 0.60) control NH4+ exports in both seasons, and human-associated (H) variables (l1 of H = 0.13) have a minor effect on NH4+ exports in dry season. Precisely, the contribution of controlling variables on DIN export vary with species and seasons, indicating water quality management could be time-dependent, which should be taken into consideration for designing mitigation strategies.

ACS Style

Wen-Shiuan Lee; Jr-Chuan Huang; Chung-Te Chang; Shih-Chien Chan; Ying-San Liou; Chien-Sen Liao; Li-Chin Lee; Jun-Yi Lee; Yu-Ting Shih; Meng-Chang Lu; Pei-Hao Chen. Interaction Among Controlling Factors on Riverine DIN Export in Small Mountainous Rivers of Taiwan: Inseparable Human-Landscape System. Water 2020, 12, 2981 .

AMA Style

Wen-Shiuan Lee, Jr-Chuan Huang, Chung-Te Chang, Shih-Chien Chan, Ying-San Liou, Chien-Sen Liao, Li-Chin Lee, Jun-Yi Lee, Yu-Ting Shih, Meng-Chang Lu, Pei-Hao Chen. Interaction Among Controlling Factors on Riverine DIN Export in Small Mountainous Rivers of Taiwan: Inseparable Human-Landscape System. Water. 2020; 12 (11):2981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen-Shiuan Lee; Jr-Chuan Huang; Chung-Te Chang; Shih-Chien Chan; Ying-San Liou; Chien-Sen Liao; Li-Chin Lee; Jun-Yi Lee; Yu-Ting Shih; Meng-Chang Lu; Pei-Hao Chen. 2020. "Interaction Among Controlling Factors on Riverine DIN Export in Small Mountainous Rivers of Taiwan: Inseparable Human-Landscape System." Water 12, no. 11: 2981.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2020 in Molecules
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Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is an extensively used plasticizer. Most investigations on DBP have been concentrated on its environmental distribution and toxicity to humans. However, information on the effects of plasticizers on algal species is scarce. This study verified the impacts of endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate ester on microalga Chlorella vulgaris by approaches of proteomics and gene ontology. The algal acute biotoxicity results showed that the 24h-EC50 of DBP for C. vulgaris was 4.95 mg L−1, which caused a decrease in the chlorophyll a content and an increase in the DBP concentration of C. vulgaris. Proteomic analysis led to the identification of 1257 C. vulgaris proteins. Sixty-one more proteins showed increased expression, compared to proteins with decreased expression. This result illustrates that exposure to DBP generally enhances protein expression in C. vulgaris. GO annotation showed that both acetolactate synthase (ALS) and GDP-L-fucose synthase 2 (GER2) decreased more than 1.5-fold after exposure to DBP. These effects could inhibit both the valine biosynthetic process and the nucleotide-sugar metabolic process in C. vulgaris. The results of this study demonstrate that DBP could inhibit growth and cause significant changes to the biosynthesis-relevant proteins in C. vulgaris.

ACS Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Yong-Han Hong; Yoshikazu Nishikawa; Eriko Kage-Nakadai; Tai-Ying Chiou; Chien-Chang Wu. Impacts of Endocrine Disruptor di-n-Butyl Phthalate Ester on Microalga Chlorella vulgaris Verified by Approaches of Proteomics and Gene Ontology. Molecules 2020, 25, 4304 .

AMA Style

Chien-Sen Liao, Yong-Han Hong, Yoshikazu Nishikawa, Eriko Kage-Nakadai, Tai-Ying Chiou, Chien-Chang Wu. Impacts of Endocrine Disruptor di-n-Butyl Phthalate Ester on Microalga Chlorella vulgaris Verified by Approaches of Proteomics and Gene Ontology. Molecules. 2020; 25 (18):4304.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Yong-Han Hong; Yoshikazu Nishikawa; Eriko Kage-Nakadai; Tai-Ying Chiou; Chien-Chang Wu. 2020. "Impacts of Endocrine Disruptor di-n-Butyl Phthalate Ester on Microalga Chlorella vulgaris Verified by Approaches of Proteomics and Gene Ontology." Molecules 25, no. 18: 4304.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Molecules
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Thermal stabilities of four major components (l-menthol, l-menthone, piperitone, and l-menthyl acetate) of Japanese mint essential oil were evaluated via subcritical water treatment. To improve experimental throughput for measuring compound stabilities, a small-scale subcritical water treatment method using ampoule bottles was developed and employed. A mixture of the four major components was treated in subcritical water at 180–240 °C for 5–60 min, and then analyzed by gas chromatography. The results indicated that the order of thermal resistance, from strongest to weakest, was: l-menthyl acetate, l-menthol, piperitone, and l-menthone. In individual treatments of mint flavor components, subsequent conversions of l-menthyl acetate to l-menthol, l-menthol to l-menthone, l-menthone to piperitone, and piperitone to thymol were observed in individual treatments at 240 °C for 60 min. As the mass balance between piperitone and thymol was low, the hydrothermal decomposition of the components was considered to have occurred intensely during, or after the conversion. These results explained the degradation of mint essential oil components under subcritical water conditions and provided the basis for optimizing the extraction conditions of mint essential oils using subcritical water.

ACS Style

Tai-Ying Chiou; Shiori Nomura; Masaaki Konishi; Chien-Sen Liao; Yasutaka Shimotori; Miki Murata; Naofumi Ohtsu; Yoshihito Kohari; Wei-Ju Lee; Tsung-Yu Tsai; Yuichi Nagata; Tohru Saitoh. Conversion and Hydrothermal Decomposition of Major Components of Mint Essential Oil by Small-Scale Subcritical Water Treatment. Molecules 2020, 25, 1953 .

AMA Style

Tai-Ying Chiou, Shiori Nomura, Masaaki Konishi, Chien-Sen Liao, Yasutaka Shimotori, Miki Murata, Naofumi Ohtsu, Yoshihito Kohari, Wei-Ju Lee, Tsung-Yu Tsai, Yuichi Nagata, Tohru Saitoh. Conversion and Hydrothermal Decomposition of Major Components of Mint Essential Oil by Small-Scale Subcritical Water Treatment. Molecules. 2020; 25 (8):1953.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tai-Ying Chiou; Shiori Nomura; Masaaki Konishi; Chien-Sen Liao; Yasutaka Shimotori; Miki Murata; Naofumi Ohtsu; Yoshihito Kohari; Wei-Ju Lee; Tsung-Yu Tsai; Yuichi Nagata; Tohru Saitoh. 2020. "Conversion and Hydrothermal Decomposition of Major Components of Mint Essential Oil by Small-Scale Subcritical Water Treatment." Molecules 25, no. 8: 1953.

Journal article
Published: 23 June 2019 in Sustainability
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The study aims to develop novel biofungicide formulations against rice blast disease. A total of 300 rhizobacteria strains were isolated from rice field soil and were examined for the inhibition of Magnaporthe oryzae growth in a vitro test. Among them, only six rhizobacteria showed inhibition against M. oryzae. The three strains that showed the highest inhibition were Bacillus subtilis 5, B. cereus 3S5, and Pseudomonas fluorecens 10S2. A rice hull mixture and liquid medium were mixed with the above-mentioned bacterial suspensions into three bacterial formulas and tested separately on the rice cultivar UPLRi-5 after infection by M. oryzae under a controlled condition. The three novel biofungicide formulas significantly inhibited rice blast disease intensity with a mean disease control rate being approximately 31% higher than the control. The formulas proved to be effective and should be considered as promising novel treatments for rice blast disease.

ACS Style

Wen-Ching Chen; Tai-Ying Chiou; Aileen L. Delgado; Chien-Sen Liao. The Control of Rice Blast Disease by the Novel Biofungicide Formulations. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3449 .

AMA Style

Wen-Ching Chen, Tai-Ying Chiou, Aileen L. Delgado, Chien-Sen Liao. The Control of Rice Blast Disease by the Novel Biofungicide Formulations. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3449.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen-Ching Chen; Tai-Ying Chiou; Aileen L. Delgado; Chien-Sen Liao. 2019. "The Control of Rice Blast Disease by the Novel Biofungicide Formulations." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3449.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study evaluated the prevalence of clinical multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and analyzed correlations between MDROs and patient characteristics in a regional teaching hospital of Taiwan. A retrospective comparative case-control study was conducted from January 2016 to August 2018 by collecting data from 486 hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients (M = 286, F = 200), including patient gender and age, microbial species, and antibiotic susceptibility. The results indicated that at least one MDRO was isolated from 5.3⁻6.3% of patients (p < 0.05), with an average age of 61.08 years. Of the MDROs strains, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii increased annually (p < 0.002 and p < 0.012, respectively). Three factors of age (over 60 years), treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU), and specimen category were statistically significant (p < 0.039, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and indicated that elderly patients in an ICU have a higher risk of being infected by MDROs. The outpatients infected by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were more frequent than inpatients, implying the existence of community-acquired MRSA strains. The results of this study could provide valuable information for the detection and colonization of multidrug-resistant organisms in hospital infection control systems.

ACS Style

Yi-Ping Chen; Ching-Chao Liang; Renin Chang; Chen-Min Kuo; Chih-Hsin Hung; Tung-Nan Liao; Chien-Sen Liao. Detection and Colonization of Multidrug Resistant Organisms in a Regional Teaching Hospital of Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1104 .

AMA Style

Yi-Ping Chen, Ching-Chao Liang, Renin Chang, Chen-Min Kuo, Chih-Hsin Hung, Tung-Nan Liao, Chien-Sen Liao. Detection and Colonization of Multidrug Resistant Organisms in a Regional Teaching Hospital of Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (7):1104.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi-Ping Chen; Ching-Chao Liang; Renin Chang; Chen-Min Kuo; Chih-Hsin Hung; Tung-Nan Liao; Chien-Sen Liao. 2019. "Detection and Colonization of Multidrug Resistant Organisms in a Regional Teaching Hospital of Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1104.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Globally, coastal aquaculture is growing due to the large demand for marine products. Specific impacts caused by coastal aquaculture on the environment include the discharge of culture farm effluents, stress on ground water (the absence of recycling), nutrient pollution, and diseases of cultured animals. Three methods, integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), and beneficial bacteria for aquaculture, have been developed to solve these problems. In this study, the advantages of IMTA and RAS were integrated to develop a novel multitrophic recirculating aquaculture system (MRAS) to adapt to the farm-scale culturing of milkfish (Chanos chanos). The photosynthetic bacteria Rhodovulum sulfidophilum was added to enhance the performance of the farm-scale milkfish MRAS. This setting could promote growth of beneficial bacteria, such as the nitrogen cycle-associated microbial community and the anoxygenic phototrophic Acidobacteria community. The ammonia level was reduced, and the total phosphorous level was stable in the water recycled in the MRAS. The cyanobacteria, algae, Vibrio, Escherichia, and other potential pathogenic bacteria communities were inhibited in the MRAS. This study provides an effective design of a water recycling aquaculture system. Milkfish, Asian tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Asian hard clam (Meretrix lusoria), and seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) can be cultured and simultaneously produced in the system.

ACS Style

Bea-Ven Chang; Chien-Sen Liao; Yi-Tang Chang; Wei-Liang Chao; Shinn-Lih Yeh; Dong-Lin Kuo; Chu-Wen Yang. Investigation of a Farm-scale Multitrophic Recirculating Aquaculture System with the Addition of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum for Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Coastal Aquaculture. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1880 .

AMA Style

Bea-Ven Chang, Chien-Sen Liao, Yi-Tang Chang, Wei-Liang Chao, Shinn-Lih Yeh, Dong-Lin Kuo, Chu-Wen Yang. Investigation of a Farm-scale Multitrophic Recirculating Aquaculture System with the Addition of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum for Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Coastal Aquaculture. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (7):1880.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bea-Ven Chang; Chien-Sen Liao; Yi-Tang Chang; Wei-Liang Chao; Shinn-Lih Yeh; Dong-Lin Kuo; Chu-Wen Yang. 2019. "Investigation of a Farm-scale Multitrophic Recirculating Aquaculture System with the Addition of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum for Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Coastal Aquaculture." Sustainability 11, no. 7: 1880.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2019 in Sustainability
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Di-n-dutyl phthalate (DBP), an endocrine disruptor, is one of the most widely used phthalate esters (PAEs) in the world. It can be accumulated in seafood or agricultural products and represents a substantial risk to human health via the food chain. Thus, finding a plant which can remediate DBP but have no effects on growth is the main topic of the development of DBP phytoremediation. This study used garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia), which has a significant DBP absorption capability, as a test plant to measure phytoremediation kinetics and proteome changes after being exposed to DBP. The results show that DBP accumulated in different parts of the garden lettuce but the physiological status and morphology showed no significant changes following DBP phytoremediation. The optimal condition for the DBP phytoremediation of garden lettuce is one critical micelle concentration (CMC) of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and the half-life (t1/2, days), which calculated by first-order kinetics, was 2.686 days for 5 mg L−1 of DBP. This result indicated that the addition of 1 CMC of Tween 80 could enhance the efficiency of DBP phytoremediation. In addition, the results of biotoxicity showed that the median effective concentration (EC50) of DBP for Chlorella vulgaris is 4.9 mg L−1. In this case, the overall toxicity markedly decreased following phytoremediation. In the end, the result of proteome analysis showed six protein spots, revealing significant alterations. According to the information of these proteomes, DBP potentially causes osmotic and oxidative stress in garden lettuce. In addition, since DBP had no significant effects on the morphology and physiological status of garden lettuce, garden lettuce can be recommended for use in the plant anti-DBP toxicity test, and also as the candidate plant for DBP phytoremediation. We hope these findings could provide valuable information for DBP-contaminated water treatment in ecological engineering applications or constructed wetlands.

ACS Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Yoshikazu Nishikawa; Yu-Ting Shih. Characterization of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1625 .

AMA Style

Chien-Sen Liao, Yoshikazu Nishikawa, Yu-Ting Shih. Characterization of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (6):1625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chien-Sen Liao; Yoshikazu Nishikawa; Yu-Ting Shih. 2019. "Characterization of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Phytoremediation by Garden Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) through Kinetics and Proteome Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1625.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Sustainability
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The application of pesticides is unavoidable in conventional agricultural practice. To develop effective biofertilizers, bacterial strains with both pesticide tolerance and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits were isolated for further testing. Seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa) were planted in soil with 1, 5, or 10 times the recommended rates of the fungicides etridiazole, metalaxyl, and tricyclazole. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from roots of rice seedlings. The bacterial 16S rDNA sequences and related PGP characteristics including potential nitrogen fixation, phosphorus-solubilizing and indole acetic acid (IAA) production ability were further examined. In all, 17 different strains were obtained from rice seedling roots; five strains with both nitrogen fixation potential and IAA production ability included Rhizobium larrymoorei E2, Bacillus aryabhattai E7, Bacillus aryabhattai MN1, Pseudomonas granadensis T6, and Bacillus fortis T9. Except for T9, all strains could tolerate two or more fungicides. We inoculated rice roots with the endophytic bacteria and all conferred rice growth-promoting ability. Bacillus aryabhattai MN1 was further tested and showed high tryptophan dose-dependent IAA production ability, tolerance towards etridiazole and metalaxyl application and should be considered a potential bacterial biofertilizer.

ACS Style

Fo-Ting Shen; Jui-Hung Yen; Chien-Sen Liao; Wen-Ching Chen; Yi-Ting Chao. Screening of Rice Endophytic Biofertilizers with Fungicide Tolerance and Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1133 .

AMA Style

Fo-Ting Shen, Jui-Hung Yen, Chien-Sen Liao, Wen-Ching Chen, Yi-Ting Chao. Screening of Rice Endophytic Biofertilizers with Fungicide Tolerance and Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (4):1133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fo-Ting Shen; Jui-Hung Yen; Chien-Sen Liao; Wen-Ching Chen; Yi-Ting Chao. 2019. "Screening of Rice Endophytic Biofertilizers with Fungicide Tolerance and Plant Growth-Promoting Characteristics." Sustainability 11, no. 4: 1133.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2019 in Sustainability
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High-molecular-weight (HMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminate a wide range of ecosystems, including soils, groundwater, rivers and harbor sediments. The effective removal of HMW PAHs is a difficult challenge if a rapid remediation time and low economic cost are required. Bioremediation provides a cheap and eco-friendly cleanup strategy for the removal of HMW PAHs. Previous studies have focused on removal efficiency during PAHs bioremediation. In such studies, only limited research has targeted the bacterial communities and functional genes present in such bioremediation systems, specifically those of free-living (aqueous) bacteria and soil particle-attached bacteria present. In this study, a high-level of HMW PAH (1992 mg/kg pyrene) was bioremediated in an aerobic bioslurry reactor (ABR) for 42 days. The results showed a pseudo first order constant rate for pyrene biodegradation of 0.0696 day−1. The microbial communities forming free-living bacteria and soil-attached bacteria in the ABR were found to be different. An analysis of the aqueous samples identified free-living Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas putida, Rhodanobacter spp. and Burkholderia spp.; these organisms would seem to be involved in pyrene biodegradation. Various biointermediates, including phenanthrene, catechol, dibenzothiophene, 4,4′-bipyrimidine and cyclopentaphenanthrene, were identified and measured in the aqueous samples. When a similar approach was taken with the soil particle samples, most of the attached bacterial species did not seem to be involved in pyrene biodegradation. Furthermore, community level physiological profiling resulted in significantly different results for the aqueous and soil particle samples. Nevertheless, these two bacterial populations both showed positive signals for the presence of various dioxygenases, including PAHs-RHDα dioxygenases, riesk iron-sulfur motif dioxygenases and catechol 2,3-dioxygenases. The present findings provide a foundation that should help environmental engineers when designing future HMW PAH bioremediation systems that use the ABR approach.

ACS Style

Chu-Chun Yu; Ting-Chieh Chang; Chien-Sen Liao; Yi-Tang Chang. A Comparison of the Microbial Community and Functional Genes Present in Free-Living and Soil Particle-Attached Bacteria from an Aerobic Bioslurry Reactor Treating High-Molecular-Weight PAHs. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1088 .

AMA Style

Chu-Chun Yu, Ting-Chieh Chang, Chien-Sen Liao, Yi-Tang Chang. A Comparison of the Microbial Community and Functional Genes Present in Free-Living and Soil Particle-Attached Bacteria from an Aerobic Bioslurry Reactor Treating High-Molecular-Weight PAHs. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (4):1088.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chu-Chun Yu; Ting-Chieh Chang; Chien-Sen Liao; Yi-Tang Chang. 2019. "A Comparison of the Microbial Community and Functional Genes Present in Free-Living and Soil Particle-Attached Bacteria from an Aerobic Bioslurry Reactor Treating High-Molecular-Weight PAHs." Sustainability 11, no. 4: 1088.

Journal article
Published: 03 February 2019 in Sustainability
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This study investigated the difference in neonicotinoids dissipation in a grape vineyard by planting different groundcovers plants, including a control bare field (CF), Arachis pintoi Krap. and Greg. (peanut field (PF)) and Clinopodium brownei (Sw.) Kuntze (mint field (MF)). After one day of pesticide spraying, the highest dinotefuran residue concentration was in 0- to 15-cm soil in the CF (0.161 mg/kg), but 30- to 45-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil in the MF and PF, respectively (0.307 and 0.033 mg/kg). Also, after four days, the highest imidacloprid residue concentration was in 0- to 15-cm soil in the CF. Imidacloprid was not retained in the 30- to 45-cm soils in the PF, but in the MF, a 0.015- and 0.011-mg/kg residue was detected in 30- to 45-cm soil in the second and third soil samplings, indicating a different distribution with different groundcover plants. The dinotefuran absorption ability was greater with A. pintoi than C. brownei, and the imidacloprid absorption ability was greater with C. brownei. Our results suggest that groundcover plants affect the dissipation of neonicotinoids differently, while A. pintoi has a high metabolic rate toward the two neonicotinoids and can increase the soil organic matter content, which is a preferable choice for a groundcover.

ACS Style

Jui-Hung Yen; Chien-Sen Liao; Ya-Wen Kuo; Wen-Ching Chen; Wan-Ting Huang. Effect of Growing Groundcover Plants in a Vineyard on Dissipation of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides. Sustainability 2019, 11, 798 .

AMA Style

Jui-Hung Yen, Chien-Sen Liao, Ya-Wen Kuo, Wen-Ching Chen, Wan-Ting Huang. Effect of Growing Groundcover Plants in a Vineyard on Dissipation of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (3):798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jui-Hung Yen; Chien-Sen Liao; Ya-Wen Kuo; Wen-Ching Chen; Wan-Ting Huang. 2019. "Effect of Growing Groundcover Plants in a Vineyard on Dissipation of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides." Sustainability 11, no. 3: 798.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2018 in Sustainability
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Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is a pollutant which has a devastating impact on our environment and should be removed from earth. This research aims to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic TBBPA degradation and bacterial community changes in mangrove sediments. TBBPA degradation in the sediments was enhanced with a microcapsuled enzyme extract of spent mushroom compost (MC) under aerobic conditions and with zerovalent iron under anaerobic conditions. The TBBPA aerobic or anaerobic degradation rates were enhanced for three time additions. Four bacterial genera (Bacillus, Erythrobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus) were associated with TBBPA aerobic degradation; and four other bacterial genera (Desulfovibrio, Pseudomonas, Sphaerochaeta, Sphingomonas) were associated with TBBPA anaerobic degradation in the sediment. Moreover, nine methanogens were identified under anaerobic conditions that might also be involved in TBBPA anaerobic degradation in the sediment. Our results demonstrate two feasible methods toward TBBPA bioremediation for mangrove sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

ACS Style

Chu-Wen Yang; Chien-Sen Liao; His Ku; Bea-Ven Chang. Biodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Mangrove Sediments. Sustainability 2018, 11, 151 .

AMA Style

Chu-Wen Yang, Chien-Sen Liao, His Ku, Bea-Ven Chang. Biodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Mangrove Sediments. Sustainability. 2018; 11 (1):151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chu-Wen Yang; Chien-Sen Liao; His Ku; Bea-Ven Chang. 2018. "Biodegradation of Tetrabromobisphenol-A in Mangrove Sediments." Sustainability 11, no. 1: 151.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2018 in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
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Transport of riverine dissolved carbon (including DOC and DIC) is a crucial process linking terrestrial and aquatic C reservoirs, but has rarely been examined in subtropical small mountainous rivers (SMRs). This study monitored DOC and DIC concentrations on a biweekly basis during non-event flow periods and at 3 h intervals during two typhoon events in three SMRs in southwestern Taiwan between January 2014 and August 2016. Two models, HBV (the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model) and a three-endmember mixing model, were applied to determine the quantities of DOC and DIC transport from different flow paths. The results show that the annual DOC and DIC fluxes were 2.7–4.8 and 48.4–54.3 t C km−2 yr−1, respectively, which were approx. 2 and 20 times higher than the global mean of 1.4 and 2.6 t C km−2 yr−1, respectively. The DIC ∕ DOC ratio was 14.08, which is much higher than the mean of large rivers worldwide (1.86), and indicates the high rates of chemical weathering in this region. The two typhoons contributed 12 %–14 % of the annual streamflow in only 3 days (about 1.0 % of the annual time), whereas 15.0 %–23.5 % and 9.2 %–12.6 % of the annual DOC and DIC flux, respectively, suggested that typhoons play a more important role in DOC transport than DIC transport. The endmember mixing model suggested that DOC and DIC export was mainly from surface runoff and deep groundwater, respectively. The unique patterns seen in Taiwan SMRs characterized by high dissolved carbon flux, high DIC ∕ DOC ratio, and large transport by intense storms should be taken into consideration when estimating global carbon budgets.

ACS Style

Yu-Ting Shih; Pei-Hao Chen; Li-Chin Lee; Chien-Sen Liao; Shih-Hao Jien; Fuh-Kwo Shiah; Tsung-Yu Lee; Thomas Hein; Franz Zehetner; Chung-Te Chang; Jr-Chuan Huang. Dynamic responses of DOC and DIC transport to different flow regimes in a subtropical small mountainous river. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2018, 22, 6579 -6590.

AMA Style

Yu-Ting Shih, Pei-Hao Chen, Li-Chin Lee, Chien-Sen Liao, Shih-Hao Jien, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, Tsung-Yu Lee, Thomas Hein, Franz Zehetner, Chung-Te Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang. Dynamic responses of DOC and DIC transport to different flow regimes in a subtropical small mountainous river. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2018; 22 (12):6579-6590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu-Ting Shih; Pei-Hao Chen; Li-Chin Lee; Chien-Sen Liao; Shih-Hao Jien; Fuh-Kwo Shiah; Tsung-Yu Lee; Thomas Hein; Franz Zehetner; Chung-Te Chang; Jr-Chuan Huang. 2018. "Dynamic responses of DOC and DIC transport to different flow regimes in a subtropical small mountainous river." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 12: 6579-6590.

Preprint content
Published: 17 April 2018
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Transport of riverine dissolved carbon (including DOC and DIC) is a crucial process which links terrestrial and aquatic C storages, but is rarely examined in small subtropical mountainous rivers. This study monitored DOC and DIC concentrations on a biweekly basis during regular flow period and at 3-hour intervals during two typhoons in 3 small mountainous rivers in southwestern Taiwan between Jan 2014 and Aug 2016. A hydrological model, HBV, and three end-member mixing model were applied to determine the quantities of DOC and DIC transport from different flowpaths. The results showed that the annual DOC and DIC fluxes were 2.7–4.8 and 48.4–54.3 ton-C km−2 yr−1, which were 2- and 20 times higher than the global mean of 1.4 and 2.6 ton-C km−2 yr−1. The DIC / DOC ratio was 14.08, much higher than the mean (1.86) of large rivers worldwide, indicating the high rates of chemical weathering and/or low rates of decomposition in this region. Two typhoons contributed 12–14 % of the annual streamflow in only 3 days (~ 1.0 % of the annual time), whereas 15.0–23.5 % and 9.2–12.6 % of the annual DOC and DIC flux, respectively, suggested that typhoons play a more important role on DOC transport than DIC transport. End-member mixing model suggested that DOC export was mainly from surface runoff, while DIC transport was mainly through deep groundwater. The unique patterns seen in Taiwan SMRs characterized by high dissolved carbon flux, high DIC / DOC ratio, and large transport by intense storms should be taken into consideration when estimating global carbon budgets.

ACS Style

Yu-Ting Shih; Pei-Hao Chen; Li-Chin Lee; Chien-Sen Liao; Shih-Hao Jien; Fuh-Kwo Shiah; Tsung-Yu Lee; Thomas Hein; Franz Zehetner; Chung-Te Chang; Jr-Chuan Huang. Rapid Phase Transfer of DOC and DIC Transport in a Subtropical Small Mountainous River. 2018, 2018, 1 -29.

AMA Style

Yu-Ting Shih, Pei-Hao Chen, Li-Chin Lee, Chien-Sen Liao, Shih-Hao Jien, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, Tsung-Yu Lee, Thomas Hein, Franz Zehetner, Chung-Te Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang. Rapid Phase Transfer of DOC and DIC Transport in a Subtropical Small Mountainous River. . 2018; 2018 ():1-29.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu-Ting Shih; Pei-Hao Chen; Li-Chin Lee; Chien-Sen Liao; Shih-Hao Jien; Fuh-Kwo Shiah; Tsung-Yu Lee; Thomas Hein; Franz Zehetner; Chung-Te Chang; Jr-Chuan Huang. 2018. "Rapid Phase Transfer of DOC and DIC Transport in a Subtropical Small Mountainous River." 2018, no. : 1-29.

Environmental functions of biochar
Published: 01 June 2017 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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To mitigate food shortage due to global warming, developing sustainable management practices to stabilize soil organic matter (SOM) and sequester more carbon (C) in the cultivated soils is necessary, particularly in subtropical and tropical areas. A short-term (56 days) incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the influences of rice husk biochar (RHB) and manure compost (MC) application on C mineralization and nitrogen (N) immobilization in a sandy loam soil. The RHB was separately incorporated into the soil at application rates of 2 and 4% (w/w) either with or without 1% (w/w) compost. Our results displayed that macroaggregates (≥2 mm) were obviously increased by 11% in soil amended with RHB + MC at the end of incubation. In addition, the experimental results presented that the C mineralization of the soil rapidly increased during the first week of incubation. However, the co-application of compost with biochar (RHB + MC) revealed that CO2 emission was significantly decreased by 13–20% compared to the soil with only MC. In addition, the mineralized N in the soil was lower in RHB + MC-amended soil simultaneously than only MC-amended soil, indicating that biochar addition induced N immobilization. The physical protection of compost by its occlusion into aggregates or adsorption on surface of RHB as proved by the micromorphological observation was the main reason for lower C and N mineralization in soil amended with RHB + MC. Overall results revealed that RHB + MC treatment can decrease the decomposition of compost and sequester more C in the tropical agricultural soils.

ACS Style

Shih-Hao Jien; Wen-Chi Chen; Yong Sik Ok; Yasser Mahmoud Awad; Chien-Sen Liao. Short-term biochar application induced variations in C and N mineralization in a compost-amended tropical soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017, 25, 25715 -25725.

AMA Style

Shih-Hao Jien, Wen-Chi Chen, Yong Sik Ok, Yasser Mahmoud Awad, Chien-Sen Liao. Short-term biochar application induced variations in C and N mineralization in a compost-amended tropical soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 25 (26):25715-25725.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Hao Jien; Wen-Chi Chen; Yong Sik Ok; Yasser Mahmoud Awad; Chien-Sen Liao. 2017. "Short-term biochar application induced variations in C and N mineralization in a compost-amended tropical soil." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 26: 25715-25725.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2017 in Sustainability
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Environmental impacts, such as earthquakes, chemical pollution and anthropogenic factors can affect the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem. In this study, a long-term (3.7 years) investigation experiment was conducted to estimate the sustainability of a constructed wetland (CW) under the impact of aquatic organisms overloading. The situation of aquatic organisms overloading in this study meant that around 27,000 kg of fishes had to be moved and accommodated in a 4 ha water area of wetland for six months. Experimental results indicated that the pH value of CW water was slightly acidic and the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level decreased under the impact. On the other hand, the levels of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Suspended Solids (SS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) of CW water were increased under the impact. The pathogen analysis revealed that total coliforms, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli, in the wetland water increased under the impact. The analyzed factors of water quality and amount of pathogens were all returned to their original statuses soon after the impact ended. Eventually, the results of microbial community structure analysis showed that overloading of aquatic organisms slightly increased the specific richness (R) of wetland bacteria, whereas higher structural biodiversity (H) of CW could stabilize the whole microbial community and prevent the pathogens or other bacteria from increasing to become the dominant strains. These results were novel and could be possible to conclude that a CW environment could not only stabilize the water quality and amount of pathogens resulting from the impact of aquatic organisms overloading, but also they could stabilize the microbial community structures, allowing the biogeochemical cycles of the CW to function. They could provide the useful information for wetland sustainability.

ACS Style

Shih-Chieh Chen; Ming-Young Jan; Kuo-Liang Lin; Sung-Lin Chao; Chien-Sen Liao. Sustainability of Constructed Wetland under the Impact of Aquatic Organisms Overloading. Sustainability 2017, 9, 863 .

AMA Style

Shih-Chieh Chen, Ming-Young Jan, Kuo-Liang Lin, Sung-Lin Chao, Chien-Sen Liao. Sustainability of Constructed Wetland under the Impact of Aquatic Organisms Overloading. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (5):863.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shih-Chieh Chen; Ming-Young Jan; Kuo-Liang Lin; Sung-Lin Chao; Chien-Sen Liao. 2017. "Sustainability of Constructed Wetland under the Impact of Aquatic Organisms Overloading." Sustainability 9, no. 5: 863.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2017 in Sustainability
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Estimating building energy consumption is difficult because it deals with complex interactions among uncertain weather conditions, occupant behaviors, and building characteristics. To facilitate estimation, this study employs a benchmarking methodology to obtain energy baseline for sample buildings. Utilizing a scientific simulation tool, this study attempts to develop energy consumption baselines of two typical concrete residences in Taiwan, and subsequently allows a simplified energy consumption prediction process at an early design stage of building development. Using weather data of three metropolitan cities as testbeds, annual energy consumption of two types of modern residences are determined through a series of simulation sessions with different building settings. The impacts of key building characteristics, including building insulation, air tightness, orientation, location, and residence type, are carefully investigated. Sample utility bills are then collected to validate the simulated results, resulting in three adjustment parameters for normalization, including ‘number of residents’, ‘total floor area’, and ‘air conditioning comfort level’, for justification of occupant behaviors in different living conditions. Study results not only provide valuable benchmarking data serving as references for performance evaluation of different energy-saving strategies, but also show how effective extended building insulation, enhanced air tightness, and prudent selection of residence location and orientation can be for successful implementation of building sustainability in tropical and subtropical regions.

ACS Style

Kuo-Liang Lin; Ming-Young Jan; Chien-Sen Liao. Energy Consumption Analysis for Concrete Residences—A Baseline Study in Taiwan. Sustainability 2017, 9, 257 .

AMA Style

Kuo-Liang Lin, Ming-Young Jan, Chien-Sen Liao. Energy Consumption Analysis for Concrete Residences—A Baseline Study in Taiwan. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (2):257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuo-Liang Lin; Ming-Young Jan; Chien-Sen Liao. 2017. "Energy Consumption Analysis for Concrete Residences—A Baseline Study in Taiwan." Sustainability 9, no. 2: 257.