Cervical cancer ranks third in mortality and fourth in incidence among women worldwide as one of the leading causes of death from cancer in females. The main reason behind cervical carcinogenesis is long-term infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, particularly HPV16 and HPV18. This review investigates HPV distribution across the world, along with cervical cancer molecular development mechanisms and current treatment strategies. Epidemiological data show that disease patterns vary significantly between different geographic regions because underdeveloped nations bear a higher disease burden. The molecular mechanisms of oncogenes E6 and E7 disrupt tumor suppressor pathways, while epigenetic modifications through DNA methylation and miRNA dysregulation promote malignant cell transformation. The reduction in HPV infection through prophylactic vaccination has shown promise, yet barriers related to accessibility and coverage still exist. The therapeutic technologies of gene expression inhibitors together with immunotherapies and epigenetic targeting agents show promise but require optimization to achieve specific targeting while minimizing off-target effects. A combined approach that integrates HPV vaccination with early diagnosis and molecular-specific therapies represents the most effective method to manage cervical cancer impact. The future care of patients will require increased translational research along with better immunization programs to drive prevention and therapeutic outcomes.

Background: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) represents the most prevalent genital infection in young women of reproductive age. Objective: This systematic review aims to estimate the effect of HPV infection during pregnancy and assess the correlation between HPV and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Materials and methods: The search strategy has been developed based on the PICOS framework: Population (pregnant women infected with HPV), Intervention (HPV infection confirmed by molecular tests), Comparator (pregnant women without HPV infection), Outcomes (adverse pregnancy outcomes) and Study design (observational studies). We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases on 8 January 2022 by using the following keywords: “HPV”, “prematurity”, “preterm birth”, “miscarriage”, “premature rupture of membranes”, “adverse pregnancy outcome”, “low birth weight”, “fetal growth restriction”, “pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders”, “preeclampsia”. Selection criteria were HPV infection confirmed within maximum 2 years before pregnancy with a molecular test and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (Results: Although numerous studies are conducted on this topic, data are still controversial regarding identifying maternal HPV infection as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. More prospective large cohort studies are needed to prove a causative relationship.

Background: Endometrial cancer is associated with changes in blood cell counts and with high levels of inflammatory markers, thus reflecting the tumor’s impact on various biological processes and suggesting their potential as biomarkers for endometrial cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood sampled preoperatively from patients have been reported to be independently associated with the prognosis of different types of malignancies. Objectives: This study aimed to compare several blood markers—red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet parameters, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen—in patients with benign or malignant endometrial tumors. Material and methods: Our retrospective study included 670 patients (192 diagnosed with endometrial cancer and 478 with endometrial hyperplasia), and we compared the serological parameters discussed above with those sampled the day before surgery. Results: Analysis of complete blood count indices revealed no significant differences in red blood cell or total white blood cell parameters between the endometrial cancer group and the endometrial hyperplasia group. However, a distinct pattern emerged in the white blood cell differential. The endometrial cancer group showed a statistically significant decrease in lymphocyte count compared with the endometrial hyperplasia group. In contrast, the endometrial cancer group showed significantly higher mean platelet counts and increased mean platelet volume compared with controls. Furthermore, the endometrial cancer group demonstrated a marked inflammatory response, as evidenced by significantly elevated levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio compared with the endometrial hyperplasia group. Conclusions: The current research revealed statistically significant differences in multiple serological biomarkers between the two groups. These findings support the initial hypothesis regarding the potential utility of these biomarkers in endometrial cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response, highlighting the existence of biomarkers affordable for analysis under any health system, regardless of the country’s level of development.

Background: Fetal long-bone fractures are rare and may result from maternal trauma, skeletal dysplasia, or, less commonly, apparently spontaneous events. Prenatal diagnosis is primarily based on ultrasonography, while the subsequent course of fetal fracture healing and long-term remodeling remains poorly documented. Case Presentation: A 35-week fetus sustained a displaced mid-diaphyseal fracture of the right femur following a maternal frontal motor vehicle collision. Initial ultrasonography demonstrated approximately 68° of interfragmentary angulation and surrounding soft-tissue edema. Maternal and fetal surveillance over the following 7 days showed no evidence of fetal compromise. Serial ultrasound examinations demonstrated progressive callus formation, with a globular membranous callus at day 7 and a prominent hyperechoic callus with peripheral vascularization and reduced fragment mobility at day 14. Delivery occurred by cesarean section at 39+2 weeks for an obstetric indication. The newborn weighed 3150 g and had Apgar scores of 9 and 10. The fracture was clinically consolidated but remained in severe malunion, with approximately 56° of ventrolateral angulation and a clinically estimated 6.5 cm apparent clinical shortening. No orthopedic intervention was undertaken. Progressive spontaneous correction was documented, with residual angulation of 35° at 3 months and 15° at 6 months. By 10 months, complete angular correction and limb-length equalization were documented. Independent walking was achieved at 12 months. At 12 years of age, the child had normal limb alignment, equal limb lengths, normal gait, and no functional sequelae. Conclusions: This case demonstrates an unusual combination of prenatal fracture healing, severe neonatal malunion, and complete long-term spontaneous correction without orthopedic intervention. The reported 6.5-cm shortening should be interpreted as apparent clinical shortening rather than definitive anatomical shortening because it was not established by standardized radiographic limb-length measurement. Geometric analysis indicates that angular deformity alone could account for only approximately 0.8–1.0 cm of shortening at term. The subsequent course is consistent with substantial growth-related remodeling and provides a rare longitudinal example of the remodeling potential of the immature femur.

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization during pregnancy increases neonatal infection risk and is managed with intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. We evaluated whether oral probiotic supplementation was associated with reduced persistence of vaginal GBS colonization. Methods: This prospective, non-randomized, contemporaneous controlled intervention study included pregnant women with confirmed vaginal GBS colonization at 24–26 weeks of gestation. Participants selected either oral Lactobacillus crispatus M247 (20 billion colony-forming units (CFU) daily for eight weeks) or standard prenatal care. Vaginal cultures were repeated at 34–36 weeks. The primary outcome was persistent GBS colonization. Fisher’s exact test and relative risk (RR) were used. Exploratory Firth logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index, and previous GBS colonization status; sensitivity analysis excluded unknown status. Trial registration: ISRCTN47071089, retrospectively registered. Results: Of 53 enrolled women (24 probiotic; 29 control), one control participant was lost to follow-up, leaving 52 for analysis. Persistent colonization was less frequent in the probiotic group than in controls (12.5% vs. 57.1%; p = 0.001; RR 0.219, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.072–0.661). In the primary Firth model (n = 52; 19 events), probiotic use was associated with lower odds of persistence (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.13, 95% CI 0.03–0.46; p = 0.001). Sensitivity analysis yielded similar results (n = 44; 15 events; aOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.03–0.63; p = 0.007). Self-reported adherence was complete, and no adverse events were reported among participants receiving the probiotic. Conclusions: Oral L. crispatus M247 supplementation from 24–26 weeks of gestation was associated with substantially lower persistence of vaginal GBS colonization in late pregnancy. Larger randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.