Recent RNA sequencing studies have revealed that most of the human genome is transcribed, but very little of the total transcriptomes has the ability to encode proteins. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. Members of the non-coding genome include microRNA (miRNA), small regulatory RNAs and other short RNAs. Most of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) are poorly annotated. Recent recognition about lncRNAs highlights their effects in many biological and pathological processes. LncRNAs are dysfunctional in a variety of human diseases varying from cancerous to non-cancerous diseases. Characterization of these lncRNA genes and their modes of action may allow their use for diagnosis, monitoring of progression and targeted therapies in various diseases. In this review, we summarize the functional perspectives as well as the mechanism of action of lncRNAs.

Scavenger receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that are structurally heterogeneous and encompass the miscellaneous group of transmembrane proteins and soluble secretory extracellular domain. They are functionally diverse as they are involved in various disorders and biological pathways and their major function in innate immunity and homeostasis. Numerous scavenger receptors have been discovered so far and are apportioned in various classes (A-L). Scavenger receptors are documented as pattern recognition receptors and known to act in coordination with other co-receptors such as Toll-like receptors in generating the immune responses against a repertoire of ligands such as microbial pathogens, non-self, intracellular and modified self-molecules through various diverse mechanisms like adhesion, endocytosis and phagocytosis etc. Unlike, most of the scavenger receptors discussed below have both membrane and soluble forms that participate in scavenging; the role of a potential scavenging receptor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 has also been discussed whereby only its soluble form might participate in preventing the pathogen entry and replication, unlike its membrane-bound form. This review majorly gives an insight on the functional aspect of scavenger receptors in host defence and describes their mode of action extensively in various immune pathways involved with each receptor type.

: Medical research has been revolutionized after the publication of the full human genome. This was the major landmark that paved the way for understanding the biological functions of different macro and micro molecules. With the advent of different high-throughput technologies, biomedical research was further revolutionized. These technologies constitute genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc. Collectively, these high-throughputs are referred to as multi-omics technologies. In the biomedical field, these omics technologies act as efficient and effective tools for disease diagnosis, management, monitoring, treatment and discovery of certain novel disease biomarkers. Genotyping arrays and other transcriptomic studies have helped us to elucidate the gene expression patterns in different biological states, i.e. healthy and diseased states. Further omics technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics have an important role in predicting the role of different biological molecules in an organism. It is because of these high throughput omics technologies that we have been able to fully understand the role of different genes, proteins, metabolites and biological pathways in a diseased condition. To understand a complex biological process, it is important to apply an integrative approach that analyses the multi-omics data in order to highlight the possible interrelationships of the involved biomolecules and their functions. Furthermore, these omics technologies offer an important opportunity to understand the information that underlies disease. In the current review, we will discuss the importance of omics technologies as promising tools to understand the role of different biomolecules in diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes.Summary Points:

• COVID-19 pandemic has traumatized the entire world. During this outbreak, an upsurge in MDR-associated pathogenic microbial organisms has been recorded. • The increasing human microbial diseases pose a severe danger to global human safety. • The infectious microbes have developed multiple tolerance strategies to overcome the negative drug impacts. • Several naturally occurring chemicals produced from bacteria, plants, animals, marine species, and other sources with antimicrobial characteristics have been reviewed. • These compounds show promise in minimizing the globally increasing microbial diseases.

Salmonellosis is a typical zoonotic disease that occurs frequently in poultry flocks. Many salmonella serovars have been found to be responsible for this disease. In this review besides, poultry as a carrier of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, various infectious routes, pathology, sources of infection are discussed as well as diagnostic measures and preventive strategies that aim at reducing the incidence of salmonellosis at the farm level. Among the different diseases occurring in poultry, those caused by the genus Salmonella is the most common, causing serious losses to the poultry industry in terms of mortality, reduced growth and loss of egg production. The diseases caused by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium have got public health significance, as well as being associated with food poisoning in humans. Salmonellosis in humans is mainly caused by S. typhimurium. The ability of this serovar to infect birds and contaminate eggs makes it a potent infection agent for humans. As S. typhimurium shows foodborne pathogenesis, it is important to comprehend how it can affect eggs and what strategies are needed to enhance control over infection.