Neurodegenerative and neuronal-related diseases are major public health concerns. Human vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) increases with age. Neuronal hormones and neurotransmitters are major determinant factors regulating brain structure and functions. The implications of environmental and climatic changes emerged recently as influence factors on numerous diseases. However, the complex interaction of neurotransmitters and neuronal hormones and their depletion under environmental and climatic influences on NDDs are not well established in the literature. In this review, we aim to explore the connection between the environmental and climatic factors to NDDs and to highlight the available and potential therapeutic interventions that could use to improve the quality of life and reduce susceptibility to NDDs.

The application of manure as a fertiliser to farmland is regarded as a major source of veterinary antibiotic (VA) contamination in the environment. The frequent detection of such emerging contaminants and their potential adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health have provoked increasing concern for VA transport and fate. Extrinsic dissolved organic matter (DOM) may be introduced into farmland soil along with Vas, and thus exert significant effects on the transport of VAs via hydrological processes upon rainfall. The leaching of VAs can be either enhanced or reduced by DOM, depending on the nature, mobility, and interactions of VAs with DOM of different origins. From the aspect of the diversity and reactivity of DOM, the state-of-the-art knowledge of DOM−VA interactions and their resulting effects on the sorption−desorption and leaching of VAs in farmland soil was reviewed. Spectroscopic techniques for examining the extent of binding and reactive components of DOM with VAs are summarized and their usefulness is highlighted. Models for simulating VA transport under the effects of DOM were also reviewed. It is suggested that distinct impacts of DOM of various organic fertiliser/amendment origins should be considered for predicting the transport of VAs in farmland soil.

Antibiotic pollution from manured farmland soils is a major public concern, and their potential interaction with manure particles and/or manure–dissolved organic matter (DOM) often complicates their leaching behaviour. This study investigated the leaching of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and florfenicol (FFC) with manure-DOM in undisturbed field lysimeters and repacked soil columns under natural and simulated rainfall conditions. The results showed that manure-DOM reduced SDZ mass flux, but soil hydrological processes and heavy rainfall events led to accelerated leaching. FFC was more prone to leaching in a manured plot (0.48 µg m⁻² h⁻¹) compared to the control (0.12 µg m⁻² h⁻¹), suggesting DOM facilitated transport of FFC in the field lysimeter study via cotransport mechanisms favored by abundant macropores in the study site. In contrast, SDZ and FFC mobility were reduced in repacked soil columns under manure-DOM conditions, suggesting complexation and adsorption in matrix pores. Two kinetic site models and two-site nonequilibrium adsorption models revealed the existence of nonequilibrium conditions and kinetic sorption processes in the repacked column. FFC exhibited lower leaching potential compared to SDZ in both the repacked column and natural field conditions. Redundancy analyses revealed that FFC had a close relationship with humic-like components (C1 and C3), but SDZ was more related to the protein-like components (C2) of DOM. The presence of manure-DOM may decrease the ecological risks of highly mobile antibiotics under matrix flow through complexations and adsorption. However, a similar scenario in macroporous flow under heavy rainfalls may lead to accelerated leaching.