Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global burden of health. As an accepted inflammatory mediator, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is found to be effective in facilitating neurogenesis and axonal regeneration. SH3RF2 (also known as POSHER), an E3 ligase SH3 domain-containing ring finger 2, belongs to the SH3RF family of proteins. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of redox states of HMGB1 on neurite outgrowth and regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, distinct recombinant HMGB1 redox isoforms were used. Sequencing for RNA-seq and data analysis were performed to find the potential downstream target of nonoxid-HMGB1 (3S-HMGB1). Protein changes and distribution of SH3RF2 were evaluated by western blot assays and immunofluorescence. Lentivirus and adeno-associated virus were used to regulate the expression of genes. Nonoxid-HMGB1-enriched exosomes were constructed and used to treat TBI rats. Neurological function was evaluated by OF test and NOR test. Results demonstrated that nonoxid-HMGB1 and fr-HMGB1, but not ds-HMGB1, promoted neurite outgrowth and axon elongation. RNA-seq and western blot assay indicated a significant increase of SH3RF2 in neurons after treated with nonoxid-HMGB1 or fr-HMGB1. Notably, the beneficial effects of nonoxid-HMGB1 were attenuated by downregulation of SH3RF2. Furthermore, nonoxid-HMGB1 ameliorated cognitive impairment in rats post-TBI via SH3RF2. Altogether, our experimental results suggest that one of the promoting neurite outgrowth and regeneration mechanisms of nonoxid-HMGB1 is mediated through the upregulated expression of SH3RF2. Nonoxid-HMGB1 is an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of TBI.

Only 2% to 6% aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) involve the cranial region, and even fewer show sphenoid and orbital involvement. The spheno-orbital ABC is prone to misdiagnosis and can result in intraoperative bleeding and residual lesions. The study was to summarize the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with spheno-orbital ABC in children. We retrospectively analyzed three childhood-onset spheno-orbital ABC cases at our hospital. A literature review was conducted and the spheno-orbital ABC cases were retrieved. The characteristics of clinical manifestations, treatment outcomes, and follow-ups were analyzed. All three cases involved the sphenoid and orbital bones, and had a history of surgery or biopsy before being transferred to our hospital. Two of them were terminated due to severe bleeding. The surgeries were performed through frontotemporal craniotomy, where the masses and the surrounding suspected diseased bones were removed. The pathological diagnosis was ABC. All the patient's eye symptoms improved. A review of the literature reveals that ABC typically presents as bone destruction, with some lesions containing fluid levels. Tumors that significantly enhance on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are often misdiagnosed. ABC is more prevalent in children. The ABC can lead to excessive intraoperative bleeding and residual lesions. Gross total resection is the treatment of choice. Spheno-orbital ABC should avoid transorbital approach in favor of craniotomy. It is imperative to remove as much of the affected bone as possible and to intensify subsequent monitoring. It is essential to prepare blood prior to surgery to manage potential severe bleeding.

Background: The exact nature of the link between breast cancer and meningiomas is unknown, although observational studies have shown a correlation between the two. Using a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) strategy, we aimed to investigate the effect of breast cancer on meningiomas.Methods: Three sets of genetic instruments were utilized in this study based on publicly available genetic summary data. For breast cancer, we selected 62 strongly associated SNPs; separate datasets were curated for HER2‐positive and HER2‐negative subtypes. MR analyses included outlier testing, MR‐Egger regression, MR‐PRESSO, weighted median, and inverse variance weighted approaches.Results: The inverse variance weighted analysis demonstrated significant evidence for breast cancer's effect on meningioma risk (OR = 1.213, 95% CI = 1.054–1.396, p = 0.007), supported by MR‐Egger (OR = 1.456, 95% CI = 1.066–1.988, p = 0.021) though not by the weighted median method (OR = 1.095, 95% CI = 0.914–1.311, p = 0.326). Inverse variance weighting specifically revealed a significant association between HER2‐positive breast cancer and meningioma incidence (OR = 1.203, 95% CI = 1.048–1.381, p = 0.009). Furthermore, breast cancer risk was associated with an increased incidence of malignant meningiomas (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.12–2.40, p = 0.011).Conclusions: This represents the first MR study investigating the causal relationship between breast cancer and meningiomas. Our findings support the hypothesis that breast cancer may increase meningioma risk.