Adipose omeostasishomoeostasis is maintained through the precise coordination of lipogenesis, lipolysis, and adipocyte differentiation, with microenvironmental components dynamically regulating lipid metabolism. Even though the classical cAMP-PKA pathway has been well-characterized for its function in lipid metabolism by phosphorylating transcription factors and lipolytic enzymes, little is known about how it collaborates with elements of the adipose tissue microenvironment, such as immune cells and the vascular endothelium, especially in pathological situations like obesity. EPAC, a newly discovered cAMP effector, has shown new signalingsignallingsignalling signalling pathways in the immune and cardiovascular systems by activating small G proteins. However, there are important understanding gaps regarding its roles in adipose metabolism, namely adipocyte development, microenvironmental interaction, and the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. By bringing together disparate studies on PKA and EPAC, this review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of the cAMP-PKA/EPAC dual signaling signalling signallingcins signalling network, filling in knowledge gaps. The reciprocal regulation between this signaling signalling signalling signalling network and the adipose microenvironment establishes a novel 'signaling-microenvironment-systemic metabolism' framework for understanding metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. Pharmacological modulation of the PKA/EPAC signalingsignalling signalling signalling pathways may therefore represent a viable therapeutic approach for restoring adipose tissue homeostasis homoeostasis.

Understanding the complete map of melatonin synthesis, the information transfer network among circadian genes in pineal gland, promises to resolve outstanding issues in endocrine systems and improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment level of insomnia, immune disease and hysterical depression. Currently, some landmark studies have revealed some genes that regulate circadian rhythm associated with melatonin synthesis. However, these studies don't give a complete map of melatonin synthesis, as transfer information among circadian genes in pineal gland is lost. New biotechnology, integrates dynamic sequential omics and multiplexed imaging method, has been used to visualize the complete process of melatonin synthesis. It is found that there are two extremely significant information transfer processes involved in melatonin synthesis. In the first stage, as the light intensity decreased, melatonin synthesis mechanism has started, which is embodied in circadian genes, Rel, Polr2A, Mafk, and Srbf1 become active. In the second stage, circadian genes Hif1a, Bach1, Clock, E2f6, and Per2 are regulated simultaneously by four genes, Rel, Polr2A, Mafk, and Srbf1 and contribute genetic information to Aanat. The expeditious growth in this technique offer reference for an overall understanding of gene-to-gene regulatory relationship among circadian genes in pineal gland. In the study, dynamic sequential omics and the analysis process well provide the current state and future perspectives to better diagnose and cure diseases associated with melatonin synthesis disorder.

This study aims to establish an immortalized fibroblast cell line from Mongolian sheep. Primary Mongolian sheep fibroblasts (SSF) were isolated using tissue explant and enzymatic digestion methods, followed by microscopic observation, growth curve plotting, and karyotype analysis. The results confirmed the successful isolation of SSF. Human (hTERT) and sheep (sTERT) telomerase reverse transcriptase vectors were separately introduced into SSF, with cells passaged up to 36 generations following G418 selection. Microscopic examination and qRT-PCR results demonstrated that TERT transfection did not alter the morphology of SSF and led to stable, high levels of TERT expression (P < 0.01). Cell counting and flow cytometry revealed that TERT-transfected cells had higher viability and lower apoptosis rates compared to SSF (P < 0.05). Karyotype and soft agar colony formation assays indicated that hTERT and sTERT-transfected cells maintained normal characteristics without malignant transformation. β-galactosidase staining indicated that TERT transfection significantly reduced cellular senescence (P < 0.001). Additionally, sTERT-transfected cells exhibited higher TERT expression, enhanced viability, proliferation, and anti-senescence effects compared to hTERT-transfected cells (P < 0.05). In summary, the introduction of hTERT and sTERT effectively extends the lifespan of SSF, with sTERT demonstrating a more pronounced effect. This study provides critical evidence for preserving Mongolian sheep genetic resources and developing immortalized cell lines.

Introduction: The advancement of high-throughput, high-quality, flexible, and cost-effective genotyping platforms is crucial for the progress of dairy breeding in Bactrian camels. This study focuses on developing and evaluating a 1K functional liquid single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array specifically designed for milk performance in Bactrian camels.Methods: We utilized RNA sequencing data from 125 lactating camels to identify and select 1,002 loci associated with milk production traits for inclusion in the SNP array. The array’s performance was then assessed using 24 randomly selected camels. Additionally, the array was employed to genotype 398 individuals, which allowed for population validation to assess the polymorphism of SNP sites.Results: The SNP array demonstrated high overall SNP call rates (> 99%) and a remarkable 100% consistency in genotyping. Population validation results indicate that camels from six breeding areas in Northwest China share a similar genetic background regarding lactation functionality.Discussion: This study highlights the potential of the SNP array to accelerate the breeding process of lactating Bactrian camels and provides a robust technical foundation for improving lactation performance.