Natural bone constitutes a complex and organized structure of organic and inorganic components with limited ability to regenerate and restore injured tissues, especially in large bone defects. To improve the reconstruction of the damaged bones, tissue engineering has been introduced as a promising alternative approach to the conventional therapeutic methods including surgical interventions using allograft and autograft implants. Bioengineered composite scaffolds consisting of multifunctional biomaterials in combination with the cells and bioactive therapeutic agents have great promise for bone repair and regeneration. Cellulose and its derivatives are renewable and biodegradable natural polymers that have shown promising potential in bone tissue engineering applications. Cellulose-based scaffolds possess numerous advantages attributed to their excellent properties of non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, availability through renewable resources, and the low cost of preparation and processing. Furthermore, cellulose and its derivatives have been extensively used for delivering growth factors and antibiotics directly to the site of the impaired bone tissue to promote tissue repair. This review focuses on the various classifications of cellulose-based composite scaffolds utilized in localized bone drug delivery systems and bone regeneration, including cellulose-organic composites, cellulose-inorganic composites, cellulose-organic/inorganic composites. We will also highlight the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of the different cellulose-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.

Polycaprolactone is a biodegradable and biocompatible polyester which has a wide range of applications in tissue engineering. Electrospinning, the versatile technique, used for the fabrication of fibrous scaffolds, which is widely used in tissue engineering, due to the ability of fabrication of nano/micro-scale fiber scaffolds. Polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffolds are widely used in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Polycaprolactone can be used in a wide variety of scaffolds construction. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the electrospinning of polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffolds in bone, cardiovascular, nerve, and skin tissue engineering.