Research on methane and carbon dioxide emissions mainly focuses on industrial emissions, cultivated land, and wetlands, while few studies have studied freezing-related emissions. This paper presents field experiments conducted during soil freezing to measure carbon dioxide and methane concentrations in the air, near the soil surface, and in the soil. In addition, the influence of precipitation, snowfall, air temperature, and depth of freezing on gas emissions was analyzed. We observed increased concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in soil and air at soil freezing and snow cover growth. For the first time, an increase in gas flux during soil freezing was found in the absence of permafrost.

Methane, a type of greenhouse gas, poses considerable concern for humans. This study uses field experiments and satellite measurements to explore methane emission mechanisms during the freezing of seasonal permafrost and the contributing factors. In the transitional seasons of autumn and winter, as soil begins to freeze, methane emissions surge dramatically in a brief period. During this phase, the emissions peak, enabling the soil to accumulate over 9000 mg/m³ of methane rapidly. Snow cover also plays a crucial role in mitigating methane emissions. The porous nature of a sufficiently thick snow cover aids in temporarily trapping methane through a stratified blocking process, effectively matching the inhibitory capability of unfrozen soil. In comparison to unfrozen soil (54–237 mg/m³), snow cover can suppress methane emissions up to 20 times more, reducing emissions by as much as 3399 mg/m³.

Currently, one of the global environmental problems is global warming caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Methane is one of the key gases that affect climate change. Methane concentrations in the atmosphere have increased significantly over the past 20 years and continue to increase to this day. Scientists and politicians around the world are concerned about this problem and are looking for ways to solve global warming. Under the general trend of global warming, the study of the characteristics of methane emissions in frozen rocks is of great significance for accurately assessing and predicting the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The subject of this study is the mechanism of methane emission during surface freezing in autumn. The object of this study is methane emission under freezing conditions. In this paper, a unique software package Solidworks is considered as a method for studying methane emissions, which suggests its use in such areas as engineering geology, permafrost, soil science, etc. The scientific novelty of this study is that it develops the mechanisms of methane emission during temperature changes in autumn from different surfaces: from the surface of water bodies and from the surface of the soil, and the article proposes methods for monitoring this mechanism and managing methane emissions during seasonal cooling. In addition, a comparative table of factors influencing methane emissions in water bodies and soil during surface freezing in autumn is presented. A conclusion is made about the possibility of reducing these factors to a common denominator and applying to all elements of the ecosystem. To develop the mechanisms of methane emissions, this paper examined relevant scientific and experimental studies of the last five to ten years, such as methane measurements in peatlands of China and Japan, on Lake Kortowskie (Poland), in Northern Alaska, in the tundra and in permafrost conditions. The results of this study are the patterns of methane emissions during soil and water freezing in the autumn period. It was revealed that the factors affecting methanogenesis for both soil and water bodies have a similar origin, which is due to the fact that they are located in the same ecosystem.