Proper telomere length is essential for indefinite self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells and cancer cells. Telomerase-deficient late generation mouse ES cells and human ALT cancer cells are able to propagate for numerous passages, suggesting telomerase-independent mechanisms responding for telomere maintenance. However, the underlying mechanisms ensuring the telomere length maintenance are unclear. Here, using late generation telomerase KO (G4 Terc^-/-) ESCs as a model, we show that Zscan4, highly upregulated in G4 Terc^-/- ESCs, is responsible for the prolonged culture of these cells with stably short telomeres. Mechanistically, G4 Terc^-/- ESCs showed reduced levels of DNA methylation and H3K9me3 at Zscan4 promoter and subtelomeres, which relieved the expression of Zscan4. Similarly, human ZSCAN4 was also derepressed by reduced H3K9me3 at its promoter in ALT U2 OS cells, and depletion of ZSCAN4 significantly shortened telomeres. Our results define a similar conserved pathway contributing to the telomere maintenance in telomerase-deficient late generation mESCs and human ALT U2OS cancer cells.

Telomere length heterogeneity has been detected in various cell types, including stem cells and cancer cells. Cell heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), is of particular interest; however, the implication and mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity remain to be understood. Single-cell analysis technology has recently been developed and effectively employed to investigate cell heterogeneity. Yet, methods that can simultaneously measure telomere length and analyze the global transcriptome in the same cell have not been available until now. We have established a robust method that can simultaneously measure telomere length coupled with RNA-sequencing analysis (scT&R-seq) in the same human ESC (hESC). Using this method, we show that telomere length varies with pluripotency state. Compared to those with long telomere, hESCs with short telomeres exhibit the lowest expressions of TERF1/TRF1, and ZFP42/REX1, PRDM14 and NANOG markers for pluripotency, suggesting that these hESCs are prone to exit from the pluripotent state. Interestingly, hESCs ubiquitously express NOP10 and DKC1, stabilizing components of telomerase complexes. Moreover, new candidate genes, such as MELK, MSH6, and UBQLN1, are highly expressed in the cluster of cells with long telomeres and higher expression of known pluripotency markers. Notably, short telomere hESCs exhibit higher oxidative phosphorylation primed for lineage differentiation, whereas long telomere hESCs show elevated glycolysis, another key feature for pluripotency. Telomere length is a marker of the metabolic activity and pluripotency state of individual hESCs. Single cell analysis of telomeres and RNA-sequencing can be exploited to further understand the molecular mechanisms of telomere heterogeneity.

To assess the impact of the key non-synonymous amino acid substitutions in the RBD of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.1 (dominant variant identified in the current India outbreak) on the infectivity and neutralization activities of the immune sera, L452R and E484Q (L452R-E484Q variant), pseudotyped virus was constructed (with the D614G background). The impact on binding with the neutralizing antibodies was also assessed with an ELISA assay. Pseudotyped virus carrying a L452R-E484Q variant showed a comparable infectivity compared with D614G. However, there was a significant reduction in the neutralization activity of the immune sera from non-human primates vaccinated with a recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) protein, convalescent patients, and healthy vaccinees vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine. In addition, there was a reduction in binding of L452R-E484Q-D614G protein to the antibodies of the immune sera from vaccinated non-human primates. These results highlight the interplay between infectivity and other biologic factors involved in the natural evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Reduced neutralization activities against the L452R-E484Q variant will have an impact on health authority planning and implications for the vaccination strategy/new vaccine development.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has transformed our understanding of cellular diversity with unprecedented resolution. However, many current methods are limited in capturing full-length transcripts and discerning strand orientation. Here, we present RAG-seq, an innovative strand-specific total RNA sequencing technique that combines not-so-random (NSR) primers with Tn5 transposase-mediated tagmentation. RAG-seq overcomes previous limitations by delivering comprehensive transcript coverage and maintaining strand orientation, which are essential for accurate quantification of overlapping genes and detection of antisense transcripts. Through optimized reverse transcription with oligo-dT primers, rRNA depletion via Depletion of Abundant Sequences by Hybridization (DASH), and linear amplification, RAG-seq enhances sensitivity and reproducibility, especially for low-input samples and single cells. Application to mouse oocytes and early embryos highlights RAG-seq’s superior performance in identifying stage-specific antisense transcripts, shedding light on their regulatory roles during early development. This advancement represents a significant leap in transcriptome analysis within complex biological contexts.