The urban–rural gap in cervical cancer screening uptake is a significant public health consideration. Educational interventions are commonly adopted to promote cervical cancer screening among females in rural areas; however, the characteristics and effectiveness of these educational interventions remain unclear. In this review, we aimed to identify the characteristics of educational interventions used in rural populations and to evaluate the effects of these interventions on cervical cancer screening-related outcomes. Seven English databases were searched in January 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies were used for quality appraisal. RevMan 5.4 software was used for the meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis was conducted in instances where a meta-analysis was inappropriate. Three RCTs and seven quasi-experimental studies conducted in six countries were included. A social cognitive theory-based framework, the community setting, group sessions, healthcare professional-led approaches, and culture-tailored materials were implemented in the educational interventions for cervical cancer screening. The educational content mainly included basic information on cervical cancer screening, psychological issues, barriers and strategies to overcome them, and locally available resources. Educational interventions increased the knowledge and uptake of cervical cancer screening in the rural population. However, the studies only evaluated the short-term effects of these educational interventions, with the cervical screening behavior only being assessed in one instance for each participant. Educational interventions promote cervical cancer screening among females in rural areas. Theory-driven, community-involved, group-based, and healthcare professional-led approaches should be prioritized in the application of educational interventions in rural populations. Both the short- and long-term, influences of educational interventions on the cervical cancer screening behavior of females in rural areas need to be recognized.

Objectives Childhood cancer survivors may experience complex health issues during transition and long-term follow-up (LTFU); therefore, high-quality healthcare is warranted. Care coordination is one of the essential concepts in advanced healthcare. Care coordination models vary among childhood cancer survivors in transition and LTFU. This study aimed to identify care coordination models for childhood cancer survivors in transition and LTFU and synthesise essential components of the models. Design This scoping review was guided by the methodological framework from Arksey and O’Malley and was reported with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. A systematic literature search was conducted on six databases using possible combinations of terms relevant to childhood cancer survivors, transition/LTFU and care coordination model. Data were analysed by descriptive and content analysis. Data sources The literature search was first conducted in May 2023 and updated in May 2024. Six databases including Medline, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Library were searched; meanwhile, a hand search was also conducted. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies relevant to describing any models, interventions or strategies about care coordination of transition or LTFU healthcare services among childhood cancer survivors were included. Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently screened and included studies. Basic information as well as care coordination model-related data in the included studies were extracted. Descriptive summary and content analysis were used for data analysis. Results In the 20 545 citations generated by the search strategy, seven studies were identified. The critical determinants of the models in the included studies were the collaboration of the multidisciplinary team, integration of the navigator role and the provision of patient-centred, family-involved, needs-oriented clinical services. The main functions of the models included risk screening and management, primary care-based services, psychosocial support, health education and counselling, and financial assistance. Models of care coordination were evaluated at patient and clinical levels. Based on this review, core concepts of successful care coordination models for childhood cancer survivors in transition or LTFU were synthesised and proposed as the ‘3 I’ framework: individualisation, interaction and integration. Conclusion This scoping review summarised core elements of care coordination models for childhood cancer survivors’ transition and LTFU. A proposed conceptual framework to support and guide the development of care coordination strategies for childhood cancer survivors’ transition and LTFU care was developed. Future research is needed to test the proposed model and develop appropriate care coordination strategies for providing high-quality healthcare for childhood cancer survivors’ transition and LTFU.

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminarily estimate the effects of a theory-driven, culture-tailored, community-based educational intervention promoting cervical cancer screening among rural females. An experimental study with the two-arm parallel, nonrandomized control trial design was implemented, followed by individual semi-structured interviews. Thirty rural females between 26 and 64 were recruited, with 15 in each group. Both groups were exposed to the usual care about cervical cancer screening promotion from the local clinics, while participants in the intervention group additionally received five educational sessions in 5 weeks. Data were collected at baseline and immediately postintervention. All participants completed the study, and the retention rate was 100%. Participants in the intervention group had more significant increments in cervical cancer screening-related self-efficacy (P ​< ​0.001), knowledge (P ​< ​0.001), and intention levels (P ​= ​0.003) than those in the control group. Most participants showed acceptance and satisfaction with this educational intervention. This study revealed that the theory-driven, culture-tailored, community-based educational intervention was feasible among the rural populations to promote cervical cancer screening. A large-scale interventional study with a prolonged follow-up duration is warranted to explore this educational intervention's effectiveness further.

Aim: Evidence showed self‐efficacy was relevant to rural females' cervical cancer screening behaviour. However, little is known about sources of self‐efficacy in cervical cancer screening among rural females. This study aimed to explore sources of self‐efficacy in cervical cancer screening among rural females.Design: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Both users and providers of cervical cancer screening services in rural areas of China were recruited through maximum variation sampling.Methods: Individual semi‐structured interviews through telephone calls were conducted. Data were analysed via six main stages of the framework method, with the social cognitive theory as a reference.Results: Four main sources were identified, including personal screening experience, hearing about other women's screening experiences, professional health education and consultation, and emotional status. Personal screening experience included enactive mastery of completing the screening behaviour and cognitive mastery of internalisation of the screening. Only the experience of completing cervical cancer screening behaviour was not strong enough to improve self‐efficacy. Cognitive mastery showed more critical influence.Conclusion: These four sources of rural females' cervical cancer screening self‐efficacy matched with the major sources of self‐efficacy of the social cognitive theory. Cognition was critical to influencing the screening self‐efficacy. Intervention strategies aimed at enhancing rural females' cervical cancer screening self‐efficacy can be developed from these four major sources.Public Contribution: A registered nurse with rich experience in cervical cancer‐related research and qualitative study was the interviewer of this study. Rural females and cervical cancer screening services providers (healthcare professionals and village staff) were recruited as interviewees. The interview guides were developed by the research team and evaluated by an expert panel including two nurse leaders of gynaecological cancer, one doctor specialised in cervical cancer, and one medical director in a local rural hospital.

Background: Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations play a crucial role in disease prevention among older adults and are recommended to older adults aged 60 years and over in China, but the vaccination rates are suboptimal. Behavioral spillover indicates that a change in one behavior may lead to changes in other related behaviors. Objective: Based on the Behavioral Spillover Theory, this study aimed to investigate the association between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention, as well as the mediating role of negative attitudes toward general vaccination among older adults in China. Method: A multi-center cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1031 older adults, and 658 participants (median age: 65.0 ± 9.0 years) who had not received pneumococcal vaccination were included in the analysis. Correlation analysis and path analysis were performed. Results: A significant positive association was observed between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention (r = 0.167, p < 0.001). In contrast, negative attitudes toward general vaccination, including mistrust of vaccine benefits (r = −0.253, p < 0.001), worries about unforeseen future effects (r = −0.180, p < 0.001), concerns about commercial profiteering (r = −0.360, p < 0.001), and a preference for natural immunity (r = −0.212, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with pneumococcal vaccination intention. Negative attitudes toward general vaccination mediated the association between influenza vaccination history and pneumococcal vaccination intention (total indirect effect = 0.119, p < 0.001, effect size = 50.0%). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that influenza vaccination history may reduce negative attitudes toward general vaccination, which may further increase pneumococcal vaccination intention, indicating spillover effects of influenza vaccination history. To promote vaccination behavior among older adults, addressing negative attitudes toward general vaccination is crucial.