Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rate is accelerating with the increasing aging of the world’s population. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated AD as a global health priority. According to the WHO report, around 82 million people in 2030 and 152 million in 2050 will develop dementia (AD contributes 60% to 70% of cases), considering the current scenario. AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease, intensifying impairments in cognition, behavior, and memory. Histopathological AD variations include extracellular senile plaques’ formation, tangling of intracellular neurofibrils, and synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. Multiple evidence directly indicates that oxidative stress participates in an early phase of AD before cytopathology. Moreover, oxidative stress is induced by almost all misfolded protein lumps like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and others. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in activating and causing various cell signaling pathways that result in lesion formations of toxic substances, which foster the development of the disease. Antioxidants are widely preferred to combat oxidative stress, and those derived from natural sources, which are often incorporated into dietary habits, can play an important role in delaying the onset as well as reducing the progression of AD. However, this approach has not been extensively explored yet. Moreover, there has been growing evidence that a combination of antioxidants in conjugation with a nutrient-rich diet might be more effective in tackling AD pathogenesis. Thus, considering the above-stated fact, this comprehensive review aims to elaborate the basics of AD and antioxidants, including the vitality of antioxidants in AD. Moreover, this review may help researchers to develop effectively and potentially improved antioxidant therapeutic strategies for this disease as it also deals with the clinical trials in the stated field.

Bone metabolism is a complex process of tissue mineralization and resorption. It is critical to modulate bone metabolism for efficient bone healing and treating bone injuries. Bone has self-regenerating potential, but traumatic events require intervention therapy for healing bones. Plant-derived secondary metabolites or phytobioactives comprise a group of phytoconstituents with promising bone-remodeling properties. Moreover, phytobioactives provide an easily available, cost-effective, and biocompatible alternative therapy for bone healing, overcoming the limitations posed by synthetic osteo-active compounds. Although phytobioactives have been traditionally used for treating bone fractures, recently, different phytobioactives are emerging as new therapeutic agents to modulate different mechanistic pathways involved in bone metabolism. This chapter elaborately discusses different phytobioactives, their structural roles in modulating bone metabolism, and their respective isolation procedures. Furthermore, the effect of the constituents on repairing bone tissues is also explained via different in vitro and in vivo models. The chapter also highlights the promising local delivery strategies that have enhanced the bioavailability of the osteogenic phytobioactives. Phytobioactives-based orthobiologics will assist in designing advanced treatment strategies in bone tissue engineering. <!----> <!----> <!----> <!---->

Multiple particle tracking (MPT) is a powerful technique for microrheological characterization of biomaterials. In this study, we employ an in situ microfluidic platform to systematically investigate the effect of cross-linking density on the viscoelastic properties of a model biogel- “crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA)-cryogel” modified with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. MPT enables real-time extraction of microscale rheological parameters, providing localized insight into the mechanical behavior of the gels. To complement MPT, we utilize Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to characterize the extent of cross-linking, morphological features, and porosity of the hydrogels. A major challenge in biological systems is the real-time quantification of localized microrheological properties, which we address using the proposed MPT methodology in a model HA-based biogel. Our results offer a detailed understanding of how varying cross-linking densities influence the local viscoelastic response of HA biogels. These findings can inform the rational design of HA-based hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties, supporting a wide range of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and viscosupplementation.