Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases comprise a superfamily of proteins that detoxify xenobiotics and plant secondary metabolites in insects. The CYP6 family is unique to the class Insecta, and its members participate in the metabolism of exogenous substances. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the full-length cDNAs of eight CYP6 family genes from Grapholita molesta (Busck), a global pest of pome fruits. P450 genes with the exception of CYP6AN35, which was most highly expressed in adults, consistently showed high expression in third- or fourth-instar larvae. The analysis of different tissues of adults showed that most of these genes were predominantly expressed in the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and/or fat body. The expression of these eight CYP6 genes was differentially affected by three representative insecticides: malathion (organophosphate), deltamethrin (pyrethroid), and chlorantraniliprole (carbamate). All eight CYP6 genes responded to malathion treatment. Only three CYP6 genes were highly expressed in deltamethrin-treated individuals. Chlorantraniliprole treatment exerted weak effects on gene expression. Interestingly, CYP6AN35 was a highly expression level in the adult head and its expression was induced by all three insecticides. CYP6AN35 may be a key gene in the metabolism of insecticides. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the functions of the CYP6 gene family in insecticide metabolism in G. molesta.

The upper Yangtze river rare and endemic national nature reserve was set up to protect the rare and endemic fish. Affected by the cascade development of the downstream reach of the jinsha river, fish habitat in the national nature reserve have been changed significantly, which will affect the reproduction and growth of the fishes.The Coreius heterodon spawning grounds were located in the Main stream of the natural reserve, andits spawning season needs certain overflowing process to lay eggs. This article used the water level and flow data from 1956 to 2012 in the Zhu Tuo stationto analysis the eco-hydrologicaldemand for Coreius heterodon breeding. and this result can provide the reference for the ecological operation of cascade reservoirs in the downstreamof jinsha river.