The synthesis of four pentacoordinated organotin(IV) complexes prepared in a one-pot reaction from 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine and organotin oxides is reported. The complexes were characterized by UV-Vis, IR, MS, ¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR techniques. The compound based on 2,2-diphenyl-6-aza-1,3-dioxa-2-stannanaphtho[1,2-h]pyrido[3,2-d]cyclononene revealed the formation of a monomeric complex with a distorted five-coordinated molecular geometry intermediate between the trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal. In order to find possible applications in photovoltaic devices, hybrid films of organotin(IV) complexes embedded in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with graphene were deposited. The topographic and mechanical properties were examined. The film with the complex integrated into the cyclohexyl substituent has high plastic deformation, with a maximum stress of 1.69 × 10⁷ Pa and a Knoop hardness of 0.061. The lowest values of 1.85 eV for the onset gap and 3.53 eV for the energy gap were obtained for the heterostructure having the complex with the phenyl substituent. Bulk heterojunction devices were fabricated; these devices showed ohmic behavior at low voltages and a space-charge-limited current (SCLC) conduction mechanism at higher voltages. A value of 0.02 A was found for the maximum carried current. The SCLC mechanism suggests hole mobility values of between 2.62 × 10⁻² and 3.63 cm²/V^.s and concentrations of thermally excited holes between 2.96 × 10¹⁸ and 4.38 × 10¹⁸ m⁻³.

Novel heterostructures based on ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate (FcPF₆), 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) or 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and nylon 11 were deposited by the high-vacuum thermal evaporation (HVTE) technique. Morphological and mechanical characterizations of these organic heterostructures FcPF₆:DHAQ/nylon(ZnPc) and FcPF₆:DAAQ/nylon(ZnPc) were carried out. Subsequently, corresponding optical parameters were calculated. The heterostructure with FcPF₆:DHAQ presented the lowest optical band gap and fundamental band gap at 1.55 eV and 2.45 eV, respectively. The nylon(ZnPc) layer favors the optical behavior and places these heterostructures within organic low-bandgap semiconductor range. Additionally, devices were fabricated, and their electrical behavior was evaluated. The ITO/FcPF₆:DHAQ/nylon(ZnPc)/Ag device exhibits ohmic behavior, and the ITO/FcPF₆:DAAQ/nylon(ZnPc)/Ag device exhibits ohmic behavior at low voltages, but at V ≥ 5 V, its behavior changes to Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC). This device carries a maximum current of 0.02 A, three orders of magnitude higher than the current carried by the device with the DHAQ. The SCLC conduction mechanism showed a hole mobility of 9.27 × 10⁻⁸ (cm²)/Vs, the concentration of thermally excited holes of 3.01 × 10²³ m⁻³, and trap concentration of 3.93 × 10²¹ m⁻³. FcPF₆:DHAQ/nylon(ZnPc) and FcPF₆:DAAQ/nylon(ZnPc) are potential candidates for organic devices as an emitter layer and active layer, respectively.

In this work we studied the semiconductor behavior of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) and vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), doped with anthraflavic acid and deposited on Tetrapak/graphite as flexible electrodes. The molecular structure was approached using the density functional theory and astonishingly, it was found that the structure and electronic behavior can change depending on the metal in the phthalocyanine. Experimentally, the Root Mean Square was found to be 124 and 151 nm for the VOPc-Anthraflavine and TiOPc-Anthraflavine films, respectively, and the maximum stress was 8.58 MPa for the film with VOPc. The TiOPc-Anthraflavine film presents the smallest fundamental gap of 1.81 eV and 1.98 eV for indirect and direct transitions, respectively. Finally, the solid-state devices were fabricated, and the electrical properties were examined. The tests showed that the current–voltage curves of the devices on Tetrapak and VOPc-Anthraflavine on a rigid substrate exhibit the same current saturation behavior at 10 mA, which is achieved for different voltage values. Since the current–voltage curves of the TiOPc-Anthraflavine on a rigid substrate presents a defined diode model behavior, it was approximated by nonlinear least squares, and it has been determined that the threshold voltage of the sample for the different lighting conditions is between 0.6 and 0.8 volts.