Objective: The purpose of the study is to detect opportunities for the development of different types of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan to promote opportunities for innovative change in the territories while respecting the principles of sustainable development. Methods: The study employs qualitative and quantitative research methods, including surveys and analysis of existing literature. Results: Authors devined the prospects for different types of extreme tourism in Kazakhstan. However, the driver of innovative change of territories in this area is only available with the improvement of staff qualification in the field of extreme tourism, the support of government programs to attract investment in the development of infrastructure, and the development of special environmental regulations to avert the risks of environmental problems that hinder the sustainable development of territories. Conclusion: In today's highly competitive tourism business around the world, each country is searching for new ways to attract more tourists by developing infrastructure, building a knowledge economy, and stimulating the development of human capital. Implementing of the proposed measures will enhance Kazakhstan's competitive position in extreme tourism, drive economic growth, and ensure environmental sustainability.

Trends in the Development of the Global Energy Market

O objetivo do artigo é analisar os métodos avaliativos utilizados pelas universidades para avaliar o conhecimento adquirido pelos alunos durante o ensino a distância em meio à pandemia do COVID-19. Os autores extraíram insights de artigos e relatórios científicos para entender a eficiência e eficácia desses métodos, considerando as restrições de emergência em vigor. De acordo com os resultados do estudo, as ferramentas mais utilizadas para administrar testes on-line foram as sessões remotas professor-aluno via Zoom e a administração de testes por meio do Moodle. Conclui-se que, como o aprendizado remoto continua ganhando popularidade, as universidades devem reconhecer a importância de manter a integridade acadêmica. As avaliações on-line oferecem vários benefícios, incluindo maior flexibilidade, acessibilidade e economia, tornando-as um substituto viável para as avaliações tradicionais em sala de aula, principalmente em situações em que as interações face a face são impossíveis.

Today, as pandemic has shown, m-learning has turned into the only possible form of education in numerous cases. To take full advantage of m-learning, one should create a suitable environment and choose appropriate techniques to provide the desired results. This study aims to prove the efficiency and effectiveness of teaching science language grammar to would-be translators in vocationally oriented language learning (VOLL) via m-learning within a student-centered approach. The research covered the spring semesters of 2019–2020, 2020–2021, sampling 120 second-year students from Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Academy of Engineering (seven departments). The researchers used theoretical, empirical, and experimental methods and prepared questionnaires and tests as data collection tools. The outcomes revealed all tricky issues for the students among the selected science language grammar points. The students of the experimental group used both MOODLE and the technology developed by the researchers. The experimental groups scored better than the control groups (90.1% vs. 65.4% and 89.5% vs. 67.2% correct answers in the final test, which meets the research criteria) and proved the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed teaching technology.

The article analyses the problem of misconceptions, or scientific delusions, in the educational environment in connection with the risks introduced into the learning process. It describes the historical regularity of the paradigm shift of misconceptions in psychology from descriptive to constructive. Examples of research in preparation for a paradigm shift and at the stage of a constructive paradigm are introduced, as well as the latest concepts of psychological misconceptions in science and in the educational psychology. The article discusses the idea of the variety of approaches to the problem of psychological delusions. The review showed that the problem of misconceptions in psychology, despite close attention to it over the years, leaves the impression of being poorly studied. Among many other reasons we can emphasize poorly developed tools for scientific research, in particular, the incompleteness of the list of misconceptions typical for the students under investigation and the imperfection of the dichotomous format of questionnaires aimed at identification of psychological delusions. To date, in addition to the negative impact of psychological myths on the professional training of psychology students, the rigidity of their perception of factual refutations of misconceptions during training and the positive impact of critical thinking on overcoming misconceptions have been reliably revealed. It is necessary to include additional procedures for the evaluation of mythologized ideas about psychological phenomena, including those borrowed from other disciplines in which misconcepts are recorded using computerized assessment, interviews with open-ended types of questions, etc. Their use in other disciplines is recognized as optimal for identifying scientific misconceptions among students.