Diagnosis of complete XY gonadal dysgenesis exposes the patient to the prospect of infertility and many years of medical treatment in order to avoid the development of diseases associated with this condition. However, sufficiently early diagnosis followed by the implementation of proper therapy...

Background: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is at the top of global health threats. This paper aims to assess Polish physicians’ readiness to impact ABR through prescribing routines. Methods: Surveying Polish physicians participating in specialization courses at the Center for Postgraduate Medical Education in Warsaw, Poland from October 2019 to March 2020. Results: Information was obtained from 504 physicians aged 25–59, mean 32.8 ± 5.9 years, mainly women (65%). Most doctors (78%) prescribed antibiotics at least once a week. Physicians indicated clinical practice guidelines as resources most often consulted in the management of infections (90%). However, clinical experience was also declared a powerful resource. In total, 54% of respondents recalled receiving information about the prudent use of antibiotics within 12 months, which partially translated into changing views (56%) and practice (42%). Physicians disagreed that national campaigns provide good promotion of prudent antibiotics use (75%) or that they are effective (61%). Only 40% of doctors were aware of the national campaign promoting responsible antibiotics use, 24% had heard about the European Antibiotic Awareness Day and 20% knew about the World Antimicrobial Awareness Week. Conclusions: Prescribers most often rely on clinical practice guidelines and their own experience as resources for antibiotics use. Doctors’ awareness of available resources and information campaigns concerning antibiotics and antibiotic resistance should be improved.

Objectives: To assess the experience and knowledge of Polish women up to 50 years of age about fertility and its disorders. Material and methods: A self-composed questionnaire consisting of 44 questions, divided into six sections, was available in social media from January until February 2020. The answers to 13 single-choice questions were analyzed to assess the level of knowledge. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Statistica 13.0, with p value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 3,321 correctly filled out questionnaires were obtained. The average result was 8.88 out of 13 single-choice questions regarding the basics of the menstrual cycle and infertility (median 9, standard deviation [SD] 2.21). As many as 65.2% of respondents did not know which days in the cycle were fertile days. The women who had been and/or were pregnant at the time of survey, more often answered better than those, who had never given birth. They had a better mean score of 13 single-choice questions compared to those who had never been pregnant (9.02 vs 8.61, p < 0.001). Respondents who obtained information about infertility from doctors in 86.97% knew that regular intercourse meant 2–3 times per week in comparison to 79.7% of those who were not educated by medical practitioners (p < 0.0001). 69.8% respondents from the first group knew that the test of ovarian reserve existed in comparison to 55.63% of women from the second group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The research has shown that the knowledge about fertility and its disorders is not satisfying among Polish women. Objectives: To assess the experience and knowledge of Polish women up to 50 years of age about fertility and its disorders. Material and methods: A self-composed questionnaire consisting of 44 questions, divided into six sections, was available in social media from January until February 2020. The answers to 13 single-choice questions were analyzed to assess the level of knowledge. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Statistica 13.0, with p value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 3,321 correctly filled out questionnaires were obtained. The average result was 8.88 out of 13 single-choice questions regarding the basics of the menstrual cycle and infertility (median 9, standard deviation [SD] 2.21). As many as 65.2% of respondents did not know which days in the cycle were fertile days. The women who had been and/or were pregnant at the time of survey, more often answered better than those, who had never given birth. They had a better mean score of 13 single-choice questions compared to those who had never been pregnant (9.02 vs 8.61, p < 0.001). Respondents who obtained information about infertility from doctors in 86.97% knew that regular intercourse meant 2–3 times per week in comparison to 79.7% of those who were not educated by medical practitioners (p < 0.0001). 69.8% respondents from the first group knew that the test of ovarian reserve existed in comparison to 55.63% of women from the second group (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The research has shown that the knowledge about fertility and its disorders is not satisfying among Polish women.

Background. A successful organ transplant restores gonadal function in the first months after surgery, which leads to the normalization of menstrual cycles and increases the chance of pregnancy. Recipients of organ transplants should effectively prevent pregnancy for a minimum of 1 year and optimally up to 2 years after surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of unplanned pregnancies in female organ transplant recipients Methods. A cross-sectional, single-center survey study of 46 pregnant organ recipients who were hospitalized at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Results. In the post-transplant period, we recorded 46 patients, including 27 kidney recipients (59%) and 19 liver recipients (41%). Forty-nine respondents reported 66 pregnancies, of which 52 ended in live births (79%). Twenty of the pregnancies were not planned. In that group, 16 pregnancies ended in labor, 2 in miscarriage, and 2 in termination. In 10 of the unplanned pregnancies, the women were treated with potentially teratogenic drugs in the first trimester. The duration of the pregnancy was shorter in the group of women who had not planned their pregnancies and had conceived during potentially teratogenic therapy (30.66 +/- 3.61 weeks) than in women who had planned their pregnancies (34.95 +/- 4 weeks, P < .0215). Conclusion. Women after organ transplantation are at high risk for pregnancy complications. Therefore, conception planning is an important element of post-transplant care, especially because the percentage of unplanned pregnancies in this group remains high despite the use of potentially teratogenic drugs.

The cervicovaginal microbiome (CVMB) is pivotal in maintaining the homeostasis of the lower female genital tract and has emerged as a significant modulator of cervical carcinogenesis. Although persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and subsequent cervical carcinoma, it remains insufficient alone to drive oncogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations in the CVMB composition profoundly impact HPV persistence, local immune responses, and disease progression. A vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus species, most notably Lactobacillus crispatus, correlates with low microbial diversity, robust immune regulation, and facilitated HPV clearance. Conversely, microbial dysbiosis—characterized by Lactobacillus depletion and a concomitant proliferation of anaerobic taxa, typical of Community State Type (CST) IV and Lactobacillus iners-dominated profiles—is strongly associated with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial barrier compromise, and an elevated risk of CIN progression. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the multifaceted interactions among the cervicovaginal microbiome, HPV pathogenesis, immune dysregulation, and oxidative stress in the etiology of CIN. Elucidating these intricate host–microbiome dynamics may precipitate the discovery of novel microbiome-derived biomarkers, ultimately informing innovative prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for cervical cancer.