Rigorous efforts should be channeled to the current low adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) in sub-Saharan African countries to improve food production. What determines the adoption level and intensity of CSAPs among smallholder farmers in Kenya? While considering their joint adoption, smallholder farmers' CSAPs adoption determinants were assessed based on a sample size of 300 smallholder farmers in Western Kenya. The CSAPs considered were animal manure, soil water conservation, agroforestry, crop diversification, and crop-livestock integration. A multivariate and ordered probit models were used to assess the determinants of joint adoption of CSAPs in Western Kenya. Both complements and substitutes between CSAPs were established. The multivariate probit analysis revealed that household head's gender, education, age, family size, contact with extension agents, access to weather information, arable land, livestock owned, perceived climate change, infertile soil, and persistent soil erosion influenced CSAPs adoption. The ordered probit model revealed that gender, arable land, livestock owned, soil fertility, and constant soil erosion were crucial determinants of CSAPs adoption. The findings implied that policymakers and relevant stakeholders should consider farmer, institutional, and biophysical factors in upscaling or promoting the adoption of CSAPs.

The manufacturing sector is critical in the realization of the economic pillar of the Kenyan Vision 2030. Over the last decade, the sector has experienced declining growth, mainly attributed to the agro-processing industry's poor financial performance. The Kenyan government has initiated stringent financial reforms across agro-based sectors, including coffee processing firms, to improve performance and increase farmers' returns. However, limited studies have investigated the impacts of working capital management (WCM) on small-scale coffee wet mills' financial performance. We assessed the effect of working capital management on financial performance in small-scale coffee wet mills. We collected the data from 41 small-scale coffee wet mills in Embu County, Eastern Kenya. We adopted a multivariate regression analysis approach on panel data (2014–2018) to analyze working capital management's impact on small-scale coffee wet mills' financial performance. Our findings showed that the current ratio and average payment period negatively affected the return on small-scale coffee wet mills' assets. Thus, the wet mill processors could lower their payables period and current ratio to improve return on assets. The study revealed that the firm's Size and age also had a positive and negative effect, respectively, on return on assets of small-scale coffee wet mills. Both average payment period and current ratio had a positive effect on return to farmers. We conclude that working capital management, that is, average payment period and current ratio, negatively influences ROA while positively influencing farmers. Therefore, the management of the coffee wet mills should increase the current ratio and lengthen the average payment period to enhance return payable to farmers.