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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Menschen sind im Zuge des Klimawandels immer stärker von Hitze und deren negativen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen betroffen. Oftmals wird die Lufttemperatur als Maßzahl verwendet. Um jedoch Auswirkungen von Hitze auf den Menschen zu charakterisieren, müssen neben der Lufttemperatur weitere Faktoren berücksichtigt werden. Ziel der Arbeit Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, den Hitzestress von Bewohnern in Städten mithilfe der Gefühlten Temperatur während Hitzewellen zu charakterisieren und mit derjenigen von Bewohnern auf dem Land zu vergleichen sowie Unterschiede zur Lufttemperatur hervorzuheben. Material und Methoden Daten der Stadtstation Freiburg und der Station Freiburg-Flugplatz für 2019 des Deutschen Wetterdienstes (DWD) wurden für die Analyse der Lufttemperatur sowie für die Berechnung der Gefühlten Temperatur mithilfe des Klima-Michel-Modells für Freiburg verwendet. Zusätzlich werden die Hitzewarntage für Freiburg dargestellt und die nächtlichen Bedingungen der Innenraumtemperaturen des Hitzewarnsystems analysiert. Ergebnisse und Diskussion Die Gefühlte Temperatur übersteigt die Lufttemperatur während Hitzewellen um bis zu 10 °C. Während der klassische Wärmeinseleffekt anhand der Differenz der nächtlichen Lufttemperatur hoch und tagsüber gering ist, ist bei der Gefühlten Temperatur die Differenz nicht nur nachts, sondern auch tagsüber deutlich höher. Fazit Um negative Auswirkungen zu quantifizieren, wird nicht nur die Lufttemperatur benötigt, sondern auch die Kenntnis über weitere Faktoren, die den Hitzestress beschreiben und steuern. Stadt-Land-Unterschiede bei Lufttemperatur und Gefühlter Temperatur bilden eine gute Möglichkeit der Quantifizierung von Hitze. Anpassungsmaßnahmen in Städten unter Berücksichtigung des Hitzestresses für Menschen sind notwendig.
Andreas Matzarakis; Stefan Muthers; Kathrin Graw. Thermische Belastung von Bewohnern in Städten bei Hitzewellen am Beispiel von Freiburg (Breisgau). Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 2020, 63, 1004 -1012.
AMA StyleAndreas Matzarakis, Stefan Muthers, Kathrin Graw. Thermische Belastung von Bewohnern in Städten bei Hitzewellen am Beispiel von Freiburg (Breisgau). Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 2020; 63 (8):1004-1012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreas Matzarakis; Stefan Muthers; Kathrin Graw. 2020. "Thermische Belastung von Bewohnern in Städten bei Hitzewellen am Beispiel von Freiburg (Breisgau)." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 63, no. 8: 1004-1012.
Weather and climate conditions can be decisive regarding travel plans or outdoor events, especially for sport events. The Olympic Games 2020, postponed to 2021, will take place in Tokyo at a time which is considered to be the hottest and most humid time of the year. However, a part of the athletic competitions is relocated to the northern city Sapporo. Therefore, it is important to quantify thermal comfort for different occasions and destinations and make the results accessible to visitors and sport attendees. The following analysis will quantify and compare thermal comfort and heat stress between Sapporo and Tokyo using thermal indices like the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature and the modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET and mPET). The results reveal different precipitation patterns for the cities. While a higher precipitation rate appears in Sapporo during winter, the precipitation rate is higher in Tokyo during summer. PET and mPET exhibit a greater probability of heat stress conditions in Tokyo during the Olympic Games, whereas Sapporo has more moderate values for the same period. The Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme (CTIS) integrates and simplifies climate information and makes them comprehensible for non-specialists. The CTIS of Tokyo illustrates lower suitable conditions for “Heat stress”, “Sunny days” and “Sultriness”. Transferring parts of the athletics competition to a northern city is thus more convenient for athletes, staff members and spectators. Hence, heat stress can be avoided and an acceptable outdoor stay is ensured. Overall, this quantification and comparison of the thermal conditions in Sapporo and Tokyo reveal limitations but also possibilities for the organizers of the Olympic Games. Furthermore it can be used to raise awareness for promoting or arranging countermeasures and heat mitigation at specific events and destinations, if necessary.
Yuting Wu; Kathrin Graw; Andreas Matzarakis. Comparison of Thermal Comfort between Sapporo and Tokyo—The Case of the Olympics 2020. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 444 .
AMA StyleYuting Wu, Kathrin Graw, Andreas Matzarakis. Comparison of Thermal Comfort between Sapporo and Tokyo—The Case of the Olympics 2020. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (5):444.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuting Wu; Kathrin Graw; Andreas Matzarakis. 2020. "Comparison of Thermal Comfort between Sapporo and Tokyo—The Case of the Olympics 2020." Atmosphere 11, no. 5: 444.
In a recent study, melanoma incidence rates for Austrian inhabitants living at higher altitudes were found to increase by as much as 30% per 100 m altitude. This strong increase cannot simply be explained by the known increase of erythemally-weighted irradiance with altitude, which ranges between 0.5% and 4% per 100 m. We assume that the discrepancy is partially explainable by upwelling UV radiation; e.g., reflected by snow-covered surfaces. Therefore, we present an approach where the human UV exposure is derived by integrating incident radiation over the 3D geometry of a human body, which enables us to take upwelling radiation into account. Calculating upwelling and downwelling radiance with a radiative transfer model for a snow-free valley and for snow-covered mountain terrain (with albedo of 0.6) yields an increase in UV exposure by 10% per 100 m altitude. The results imply that upwelling radiation plays a significant role in the increase of melanoma incidence with altitude.
Michael Schrempf; Daniela Haluza; Stana Simic; Stefan Riechelmann; Kathrin Graw; Gunther Seckmeyer. Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 961 .
AMA StyleMichael Schrempf, Daniela Haluza, Stana Simic, Stefan Riechelmann, Kathrin Graw, Gunther Seckmeyer. Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (10):961.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Schrempf; Daniela Haluza; Stana Simic; Stefan Riechelmann; Kathrin Graw; Gunther Seckmeyer. 2016. "Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 961.