Background: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a marker of liver function and is associated with biliary tract disease. It was reported as a prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genetic expression in tumor-tissue microarrays and the perioperative serologic changes in ALP have never been studied for their correlation with HCC prognosis. Methods: The genetic expression of ALP isoforms (placental (ALPP), intestinal (ALPI) and bone/kidney/liver (ALPL)) was analyzed in tumor and non-cancerous areas in 38 patients with HCC after partial hepatectomy. The perioperative change in ALP was further analyzed in a cohort containing 525 patients with HCC to correlate it with oncologic outcomes. A total of 43 HCC patients were enrolled for a volumetry study after major and minor hepatectomy. Results: The genetic expression of the bone/kidney/liver isoform was specifically and significantly higher in non-cancerous areas than in tumors. Patients with HCC with a higher ALP (>81 U/dL) had significantly more major hepatectomies, vascular invasion, and recurrence. Cox regression analysis showed that gender, major hepatectomies, the presence of satellite lesions, higher grades (III or IV) and perioperative changes in liver function tests were independent prognostic factors for recurrence-free survival, and a postoperative increase in the ALP ratio at postoperative day (POD) 7 vs. POD 0 > 1.46 should be emphasized. A liver regeneration rate more than 1.8 and correlation analysis revealed that the ALP level at POD 7 and 30 was significantly higher and correlated with remnant liver growth. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the perioperative ALP change was an independent prognostic factor for HCC after partial hepatectomies, and the elevation of ALP represented a functional biomarker for the liver but not an HCC biomarker. The higher regeneration capacity was possibly associated with the elevation of ALP after operation.

The outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unsatisfactory because of its high recurrence rate. The Vessels that encapsulate tumor clusters (VETC) pattern is a unique vascular structure. In this study, we investigated the clinical–pathological features of HCC patients with the VETC pattern. We retrospectively reviewed patients with HCC who underwent curative hepatectomy at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 2007 and 2013. The form of the VETC pattern was established using an anti-CD31 stain. The results were classified into positive (VETC⁺) and negative (VETC⁻) patterns. We investigated and compared demographic data between these two groups. Overall, 174 patients were classified into either the VETC⁺ or VETC⁻ groups. The median followed-up period was 80.5 months. There were significant differences in the number of hepatitis B carriers, the occurrence of vascular invasion, tumor size, TNM staging, microvessel density, and recurrence (all p < 0.05). Regarding the prediction of disease-free survival, after COX regression multivariate analysis, VETC⁺ remained independently associated with recurrent episodes (p = 0.003). The intra-tumoral microvessel density, demonstrated by CD-31, was the only clinical–pathological feature independently associated with VETC⁺. Our study demonstrated that the VETC pattern is an independent factor of poor prognosis for DFS. Higher intra-tumoral microvessel density was significantly associated with the VETC pattern. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.

Sorafenib has been used to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). However, there is no evidence for a response of different target lesions to sorafenib administration. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of sorafenib on various aHCC target lesions. The outcomes of sorafenib treatment on aHCC, i.e., treatment response for all Child A status patients receiving the drug, were analyzed. Of 377 aHCC patients, 73 (19.3%) had complete/partial response to sorafenib, while 134 (35.4%) and 171 (45.2) had a stable or progressive disease, respectively, in the first six months. Of the evaluated metastatic lesions, 149 (39.4%), 48 (12.7%), 123 (32.5%), 98 (25.9%), 83 (22.0%), and 45 (11.9%) were present in liver, bone, lung, portal/hepatic vein thrombus, lymph nodes, and peritoneum, respectively. The overall survival and duration of treatment were 16.9 ± 18.3 and 8.1 ± 10.5 months (with median times of 11.4 and 4.6, respectively). Our analysis showed poor outcomes in macroscopic venous thrombus and bone, higher AFP, and multiple target lesions. ALBI grade A had a better outcome. Sorafenib administration showed good treatment outcomes in selected situations. PD patients with thrombus or multiple metastases should be considered for sorafenib second-line treatment. The ALBI liver function test should be selected as a treatment criterion.

Background: The perioperative outcomes of a partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved. However, high recurrence rates after a curative hepatectomy for HCC is still an issue. This study aimed to analyze the difference between various recurrence patterns. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 754 patients with HCC who underwent a curative hepatectomy between January 2012 and March 2021. Patients with recurrent events were categorized into three types: regional recurrence (type I), multiple intrahepatic recurrence (type II), or presence of any distant metastasis (type III). Results: The median follow-up period was 51.2 months. Regarding recurrence, 375 (49.7%) patients developed recurrence, with 244 (32.4%), 51 (6.8%), and 80 (10.6%) patients having type I, II, and III recurrence, respectively. Type III recurrence appeared to be more common in male patients and those with major liver resection, vascular invasion, a large tumor size (>5 cm), a higher tumor grade, and higher levels of AST and AFP (p < 0.05). Patients who had distant metastasis at recurrence had the shortest recurrence time and the worst overall survival (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Conclusions: our study demonstrated that recurrence with distant metastasis occurred earliest and had the worst outcome compared to regional or multiple intrahepatic recurrences.

Background: Ventilator dependence (VD) has been considered as a serious complication in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with VD as a result of lung–kidney interaction. The aim of our study was to investigate novel biomarkers in predicting ventilator dependence in critically ill surgical patients. Methods: Patients who were admitted to surgical ICU were enrolled and their serum and urine samples were collected. Novel biomarkers including gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), calprotectin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), cystatin C, and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) were analyzed and correlated with clinical outcome. Results: A total of 33 patients were enrolled and analyzed. The majority of them received abdominal surgery prior to ICU admission. Thirteen patients were classified into the VD group, while the remaining 20 were in a non-ventilator dependence group (nVD). Statistical analysis demonstrated that the following were significantly higher in the VD group than in the nVD group: serum NGAL (420.25 ± 45.18 ng/mL vs. 314.68 ± 38.12 ng/mL, p-value 0.036), urinary NGAL (420.87 ± 41.08 ng/mL vs. 250.84 ± 39.45 ng/mL, p-value 0.002), SOFA score (11.3 ± 1.5 vs. 5.6 ± 0.7, p-value 0.001), and APACHE II score (23.2 ± 2.6 vs. 13.6 ± 0.8, p-value 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of urinary NGAL for VD was 0.808. The combination of urinary NGAL and SOFA score could further increase AUROC for VD to 0.835. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated the predictive capability of urinary NGAL for ventilator dependence among critically ill surgical patients. When combined with SOFA score, the predictive ability was further augmented. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate our findings.