Calcium-looping reforming of methane helps close the anthropogenic carbon cycle directly at large CO ₂ stationary sources.

Adsorbents for CO₂ captured with nano silica as support were synthesized by impregnating polyethyleneimine (PEI) into nano silica.

After carbonization and activation, pine cone shell-based activated carbons were used to adsorb CO ₂ , and presenting a good adsorption performance.

Accounting for ~8% of annual global CO₂ emissions, the iron and steel industry is expected to undertake the largest contribution to industrial decarbonisation. Despite the launch of several national and regional programmes for low-carbon steelmaking, the techno-economically feasible options are still lacking. Here, based on the carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategy, we propose a new decarbonisation concept which exploits the inherent potential of the iron and steel industry through calcium-looping lime production. We find that this concept allows steel mills to reach the 2050 decarbonisation target by 2030. Moreover, only this concept is revealed to exhibit a CO₂ avoidance cost (12.5–15.8 €₂₀₁₀/t) lower than the projected CO₂ trading price in 2020, whilst the other considered options are not expected to be economically feasible until 2030. We conclude that the proposed concept is the best available option for decarbonisation of this industrial sector in the mid- to long-term.