The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coronavirus-related diseases (such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) were well-cataloged. We conducted a comprehensive review of adverse post-COVID health outcomes and potential long-COVID effects. We observed that such adverse outcomes were not localized. Rather, they affected different human systems, including: (i) immune system (e.g., Guillain–Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndromes such as Kawasaki disease), (ii) hematological system (vascular hemostasis, blood coagulation), (iii) pulmonary system (respiratory failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular damage, pulmonary fibrosis), (iv) cardiovascular system (myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery atherosclerosis, focal myocardial fibrosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy), (v) gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, acid reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lack of appetite/constipation), (vi) skeletomuscular system (immune-mediated skin diseases, psoriasis, lupus), (vii) nervous system (loss of taste/smell/hearing, headaches, spasms, convulsions, confusion, visual impairment, nerve pain, dizziness, impaired consciousness, nausea/vomiting, hemiplegia, ataxia, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage), (viii) mental health (stress, depression and anxiety). We additionally hypothesized mechanisms of action by investigating possible molecular mechanisms associated with these disease outcomes/symptoms. Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm that results to endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failures.

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak originally appeared in China in December 2019 and became a global pandemic in March 2020. This infectious disease has directly affected public health and the world economy. Several palliative therapeutic treatments and prophylaxis strategies have been used to control the progress of this viral infection, including pre-(PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis. On the other hand, research groups around the world are still studying novel drug prophylaxis and treatment using repurposing approaches, as well as vaccination options, which are in different pre-clinical and clinical testing phases. This systematic review evaluated 1,228 articles from the PubMed and Scopus indexing databases, following the Kitchenham bibliographic searching protocol, with the aim to list drug candidates, potentially approved to be used as new options for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis clinical trials and medical protocols. In searching protocol, we used the following keywords: “Covid-19 or SARS-CoV-2” or “Coronavirus or 2019 nCoV,” “prophylaxis,” “prophylactic,” “pre-exposure,” “COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 Chemoprophylaxis,” “repurposed,” “strategies,” “clinical,” “trials,” “anti-SARS-CoV-2,” “anti-covid-19,” “Antiviral,” “Therapy preventionin vitro,” in cells “and” human testing. After all protocol steps, we selected 60 articles that included: 15 studies with clinical data, 22 studies that usedin vitroexperiments, seven studies using animal models, and 18 studies performed with in silico experiments. Additionally, we included more 22 compounds between FDA approved drugs and drug-like like molecules, which were tested in large-scale screenings, as well as those repurposed approved drugs with new mechanism of actions. The drugs selected in this review can assist clinical studies and medical guidelines on the rational repurposing of known antiviral drugs for COVID-19 prophylaxis.

The phenolic compounds present in cashew nut shell liquid (Anacardium occidentale L.– Anacardiaceae) present several pharmacological activities that justify the high number of research studies using these compounds. Among these molecules we can highlight the phenolic constituents such as anacardic acid, cardanol and cardol. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the pharmacological activities of anacardic acids, cardol and cardanol described in scientific studies published in the literature. The PRISMA methodology was used to perform the bibliographic search applied to the LILACS, PubMed®, Scielo®, SciFinder® and science direct databases, without language or region restrictions, considering articles published between the years 2014 and 2023. The results recovered 52 articles eligible for this review after applying the exclusion and selection criteria. 2 types of pharmacological activities were described, especially: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic and antiparasitic activity . Most of the studies involved in vitro (20) and in vivo (18) pharmacological evaluation methods. The phenolic compounds of A. occidentale presented a great pharmacological potential to be explored. The use of in silico pharmacology can additionally help in the description of physical-chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, enabling the exploration of pharmacological potential.

A espécie Siparuna guianensis Aublet é conhecida pelo uso etnobotânico atribuído a povos tradicionais ribeirinhos e comunidades indígenas da América Central e do Sul para tratar dores, inflamações e infecções. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o uso etnomedicinal e verificar as propriedades fitoquímicas e farmacológicas da espécie. Foi realizado um estudo de revisão sistemática, com o termo Siparuna guianensis Aublet combinado aos descritores fitoquímico ou farmacológico. O uso etnomedicinal foi confirmado em estudos controlados. Foram identificados 96 metabólitos secundários, das classes dos alcaloides, flavonoides e terpenoides entre outros. Propriedade anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, antinociceptiva, bactericida, antifúngica, neuroprotetora, antiparasitária, inseticida e como bio repelente foram confirmadas em estudos in silico, in vivo e in vitro. Pesquisas de toxicidade aguda e subcrônica demonstraram baixa toxicidade e ausência de respostas mutagênicas. Tais achados apontam a possibilidade da utilização da espécie para tratar doenças ligadas ao estresse oxidativo, inflamações e infecções, e podem ser úteis para nortear futuras aplicações biotecnológicas como formulações fitoterápicas a partir da espécie.

Bredemeyera Willd. comprises thirteen species from Mexico to Tropical America, all found in Brazil, with seven being endemic. Three species are popularly used: B. brevifolia (for kidney inflammation, influenza, diarrhoea, rheumatic pain, back pain, gastritis), B. floribunda (for skin infections, dysentery, rheumatism, hypertension, exhaustion, snake bites, expectorant, diuretic), and B. laurifolia (for uterus and ovary infections). This integrative review aims to list and compare the pharmacological actions and chemical substances identified in the literature concerning species of the genus, in order to find records of compounds and their pharmacological application relationships. Only B. brevifolia and B. floribunda underwent phytochemical survey, where fatty acids, xanthones, saponins and a flavonoid were identified. In this review, it was possible to verify the existence of promising studies in ethnobotany and phytochemistry for three species of the genus, which makes this review a valuable resource for guiding future studies on the subject.